Batho ba fetang limilione tse likete tse peli, karolo ea boraro ea baahi ba lefatše , ba na le tšoaetso ea lefuba (TB). Ho ea ka Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, ho ne ho e-na le linyeoe tse ncha tse limilione tse 10,4 le ba shoeleng ba limilione tse 1,7 ho tloha ho lefu lena ka 2016 feela. United States e bile le 9 272 ea lisele tseo tse ncha.
Ha ts'oaetso ea libaktheria ke sesosa se tobileng sa lefuba, ho na le lintlha tse ngata tse ka etsang hore u hlasele lefu lena.
Ho tseba hore na mabaka ana ke eng ho ka u thusa ho nka bohato le ho fokotsa kotsi ea tšoaetso.
Baktheria
Lefuba le bakoa ke libaktheria malapeng a rarahaneng a Mycobacterium.
- Mycobacterium africanum
- Mycobacteria bovis
- Mycobacterium lefuba
M. africanum , kamoo lebitso lena le bolelang kateng, le tloaelehile Afrika, ha ' mele oa lefuba ke lefu la lefuba likarolong tse ling tsa lefats'e. Libaktheria tsena tse peli li baka bongata ba lefu la batho bathong. M. bovis o ikhethile kahobane e ama haholo likhomo. Ho noa lihlahisoa tsa lebese tse sa sebetsanoang kapa likokoana-hloko tse ling ho liphoofolo tse tšoaelitsoeng li etsa karolo e nyenyane ea linyeoe tsa batho ba lefuba.
Mycobacteria e tšoaetsa ebile e phela ka har'a lisele tsa 'mele oa rona o bitsoang macrophages. Macrophage e atisa ho bolaea likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko, empa M. lefuba le na le capsule e lekaneng e e sireletsang khahlanong le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le chefo macrophages e sebelisa ho e hlasela. Joale lefuba le khona ho ikatisa ka hare ho macrophage.
Kamoo Bacteria ea lefuba e jalang kateng
Ho utloisisa hore na libaktheria tsena li bakoa ke tšoaetso, ho hlokahala hore u utloisise phapang lipakeng tsa tšoaetso ea lefuba ea latente le e sebetsang .
Motho ea nang le tšoaetso e khutsitseng o na le libaktheria tsa lefuba 'meleng oa bona empa ha a na lefu le sebetsang. Kantle ho matšoao a kang feberu, ho tsuba, ho khohlela le ho lahleheloa ke boima ba 'mele , ha ba tšoaetsanoe.
Ho e-na le hoo, libaktheria tsena li lutse 'meleng. Batho ba etsang karolo ea 5 ho isa ho 10 lekholong ea batho ba nang le lefuba le hlabang ba tla tsoela pele ho hlaolela lefuba le mahlahahlaha bophelong ba bona. Hangata sena se etsahala ka mor'a lilemo tse peli tsa tšoaetso.
Batho ba nang le lefuba le mafolofolo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba na le matšoao a kang a hlalositsoeng ka holimo. Li tšoaetsanoa haholo ebile li ka jala lefu lena. Ha ba khohlela, ba sneeze, ba tšoela mathe kapa ba bua, libaktheria tsa tubercia li lokolloa marotholi a metsi. Mang kapa mang ea kenyang marotholi ana a ka hlahisa tšoaetso ea lefuba matšoafong.
United States, phetisetso ea lefuba e tloaelehile nakong ea selemo ka likhahla tse tlaase hoetla.
Lintho tsa Bongaka
Ho na le maemo a bophelo a ka eketsang menyetla ea ho ba le lefuba.
Immunosuppression
Tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e fokolang e etsa hore ho be thata hore' mele oa hao o loantše tšoaetso 'me ho ka etsahala hore lefuba le ipatileng le fetohe. Hape ho etsa hore ho be le monyetla oa ho tšoaetsoa ke TB pele. U ka khona ho itšireletsa mafung a ipapisitsoe le tse ling tsa tse latelang:
- Lilemo: Ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ea bacha haholo le ea khale haholo e atisa ho fokola.
- Chemotherapy: Litlhare tsena li loantša kankere empa li boetse li fokolisa tsamaiso ea 'mele ea hau ea ho itšireletsa mafung.
- Corticosteroids: Motho leha e le ofe ea nkang steroid ka nako e telele, e lekanang le 15 mg prednisolone ka khoeli kapa nako e telele, o na le matla a 'mele a ho itšireletsa mafung.
- HIV / AIDS: Ho ka hakanngoa hore kotsi ea ho hlasela lefuba e ka ba makhetlo a 16 ho feta batho ba nang le HIV. Ha lefu la HIV le ntse le mpefala kapa le tsoela pele ho ea AIDS, kotsi ea lefuba e eketseha.
- Li-transplants tsa 'mele: Ho thibela' mele hore o se ke oa hana setopo (pelo, liphio kapa sebete), hangata batho ba nka meriana ea immunosuppressant ea bophelo bohle.
- Matšoao a li-tumor necrosis (TNF) inhibitors: Meriana ena ea likokoana-hloko e atisa ho sebelisoa ho phekola maemo a bongaka a kang Crohn's disease, lefu la psoriatic le ramatiki ea ramatiki.
Maemo a sa Phekoleheng
Maemo a latelang a ka eketsa kotsi ea tshwaetso ea lefuba:
- Boloetse ba lefu lena
- Boloetse ba lefu la sebete
- Maloetse a mangata a mangata a thibelang mafu (COPD)
- Cirrhosis
- Lefu la tsoekere
- Ho buuoa ka moriana ka ho feteletseng
- Kankere ea hlooho le molala
- Maloetse a liphio
- Silicosis
Mokhoa ona o eketsa menyetla ea lefuba ha e tsejoe hantle, empa e ka 'na ea bakoa ke liphello tsa bona tsamaisong ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le kamoo 'mele oa hau o amohelang limatlafatsi kateng. Haeba u e-na le e 'ngoe ea maemo ana, nka mehato ea ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho hlahisa lefuba.
Lintho tsa Bophelo
Ho na le lisosa tse seng tsa bongaka tsa lefuba tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba tse ngata ho laola. Ka bomalimabe, bofutsana, ho hloka bolulo , le ho fokotsa menyetla ea ho fumana tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle ho ka etsa hore ho be le mathata a mang a lintlha tsena.
Lijo le phepo e nepahetseng
Ho ja lijo tse fosahetseng ho phetha karolo ea phetisetso ea lefuba. Ho haella ha phepo e nepahetseng ha ho fokolise tsamaiso ea 'mele ea boitshireletso ea' mele empa ho lebisa ho lahleheloa ke 'mele Batho ba nang le boima ba 'mele (index ea' mele oa <18.5) ba na le tšoaetso ea makhetlo a mabeli ho feta batho ba nang le BMI e phahameng.
Ha ho tluoa tabeng ea limatlafatsi tse itseng, talima tšepe le vithamine D. Matla a phahameng a tšepe maling a ka 'na a khothalletsa ho hōla ha mycobacteria, ho etsa hore batho ba be le tšoaetso ea lefuba. Vithamine D e etsa se fapaneng, e thibela kholo ea mycobacteria. Ka tsela ena, ho haella ha vithamine D ke ntho e kotsi ea lefuba.
Nako le nako ha ho khoneha, ke habohlokoa ho ja lijo tse nang le limatlafatsi le ho boloka boima bo boima. Maemo a sechabeng ha a atlehe ho etsa joalo.
Sebaka
Batho ba hlahetseng libakeng tse nang le lefuba ba na le kotsing e eketsehileng ea ho pepesehela libaktheria. Linaha tse latelang, ho tloha ho tse ngata ho ea ho tse fokolang, li etsa karolo ea 64 lekholong ea linyeoe tsohle tsa lefuba:
- India
- Indonesia
- China
- Philippines
- Pakistan
- Nigeria
- Afrika Borwa
U ka 'na ua se ke ua khona ho laola moo u tsoetsoeng empa u ka khona ho laola moo u eang teng. Bonyane, ela hloko ha u etela libakeng tsena.
Maemo a Phelang
TB e ka ata ka potlako ha batho ba haufi haholo. Maemo a mangata motseng kapa esita le ka keketseho ea malapa a kotsi haholo. Sena ke 'nete haholo ha ho na le moea o futsanehileng kahare mohahong.
Litšireletso tsa bolulo, haholo-holo, li ka ba ngata haholo 'me ha lia lula li bolokile hantle. Haeba u na le tokelo ea ho hira folete kapa ho reka ntlo, nahana ka polokeho ea tokisetso ea hau ea bophelo.
Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi
Tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e atile har'a batho ba nang le lefuba. Ho tsuba lisakerete ho eketsa kotsi ea hao ka makhetlo a mabeli. Tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, ebang ke ente kapa e seng ente, le ho noa ligrama tse 40 (joala e le 'ngoe ea veine, biri tse tharo tse 12, kapa li-ounces tse 4 tsa joala tse nang le distilled joaloka vodka kapa whisky) kapa ho noa joala ka letsatsi ho boetse ho eketsa menyetla ea lefuba phetiso.
Ho molemo ka ho fetisisa ho qoba ho tsuba le lithethefatsi tse seng molaong. Haeba u noa joala, u etse joalo ka teka-tekano.
> Mehloli:
> Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo. http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/. E fetotsoe ka la 1 December, 2017.
> Horsburgh CR. Epidemiology ea lefuba. Ka: UpToDate, Lerner SP (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.
> Oeltmann KE, Kammerer JS, Pevzner ES, Moonan PK. Sefuba le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi United States, 1997-2006. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jan 26; 169 (2): 189-97. doi: 10.1001 / archinternmed.2008.535.
> Lefuba (TB): Phapang Pakeng tsa lefuba la Latent le TB le lefu la lefuba. Litsi tsa Tlhokomelo le Thibelo ea Maloetse. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/ltbiandactivetb.htm. E fetotsoe ka la 21 November, 2014.
> Tšoaetso ea lefuba le tšoaetso ea HIV. Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo.http: //www.who.int/hiv/topics/tb/en/. E fetotsoe ka February 2018.