Chelete e Khōlō bakeng sa Phekolo ea Kankere e Tšepisitsoeng
Bakeng sa lilemo tse 'maloa, menyako ea lebenkele la rekoto e ne e bulehile haholo,' me ngoliso e ne e sala e sa lebelloa ka mohoebi oa mabenkele. Ka tšoantšetso ke bua ka nako e telele ea 'mino oa pirate ea' mino oa Inthanete e ileng ea etsahala ho pholletsa le lilemo tse sekete. Ho phatloha hona ho pota-pota ka ho khetheha ho bakoa ke Napster, tšebeletso ea ho arolelana lifilimi le lithaka (P2P) e lumellang limilione tse ngata ho arolelana li-MP3 (lifilimi tsa 'mino oa digital) mahala.
Pōpo le ho phatlalatsoa ha Napster hohle e ne e le ketsahalo e ferekanyang bakeng sa indasteri ea ho rekota. Sean Parker le bathehi ba bang ba ts'ebeletso ea ho arolelana lifilimi haufinyane ba ile ba etsa hore indasteri ea ho rekota e khone ho tseba hobane, joalokaha bohle re ka ananela hona joale, ho arolelana 'mino o nang le litokelo tsa' mino kapa pirate, ho utsoa. Pele lilemo tse peli li fela, Napster o ne a thibile sethala sa sona sa ho arolelana 'mino o sa lefelloeng.
Le hoja piracy e sa ntsane e le bothata bo boholo - BitTorrent ke tsela e 'ngoe ea ho arolelana lipale le lipina tse ling ka bolokolohi - Napster e ne e khethollehile habonolo. Napster o ile a boela a fetola tsela eo re shebileng hore na re ka fumana 'mino joang,' me batho ba bangata ba sebelisang lebenkele la iTunes ba qala ho tsebisa khopolo ea ho kopitsa 'mino ka Napster.
Napster e ka 'na ea e-ba teng empa Sean Parker, e mong oa baetsi ba eona, o phela hantle. Ka April 2016, Parker o ile a etsa lihlooho tsa ho fana ka lichelete tse limilione tse limilione tse limilione tse limilione tse limilione tse likete tse mashome a metso e '
Sean Parker: Tech Wunderkind le Moeletsi oa Boipheliso
Napster e ne e se ho hlōleha; Ha e le hantle, e ne e le katleho e kholo, 'me ba bangata ba pheha khang ea hore e ne e le khoebo e hōlang e potlakileng. Leha ho le joalo, batho ba ne ba sebelisa Napster bakeng sa mekhoa e seng molaong, ke kahoo e neng e lokela ho koaloa.
Ka mor'a ho felloa ke Napster joalokaha re ne re tseba - mochine ona o ile oa feta ka makhetlo a 'maloa pele o qetella o le teng ka 2011 - Parker o ile a thahasella litaba tsa sechaba.
O thehile sebaka sa mecha ea boithabiso Plaxo, e leng boiteko boo a ileng a bo leleka kapele. Eaba ka 2004, ha a le lilemo li 24, Parker o ile a nka khato e ileng ea mo susumelletsa ho limilione tse libilione hape a fetola lefats'e: E ile ea e-ba mopresidente oa Facebook.
E le mopresidente oa Facebook, Parker o ile a nka mohato o monyenyane oa ho qala le ho o tsebisa lefats'e. O ile a tlisa batseteletsi mme a thusa ho theha sebaka. Ka sebele, Mark Zuckerberg e ka 'na eaba o tlile le Facebook, empa Facebook ke eona e leng kajeno ka lebaka la Parker.
Parker e 'nile ea e-ba moferefere o thata oa sebapali le seholo sa spender. Ka 2013, o ile a sebelisa liranta tse limilione tse limilione tse limilione tse likete lilemong tsa lenyalo thepa ea botho e Big Sur. O ile a tlameha ho lefa tjhelete ea California $ 2.5 limilione bakeng sa ho haha ntloana, lithako tse fokolang, liphororo le sethala se selelele sa tantši haufi le setšabelo se matla sa liphoofolo tse hlaha.
Ka 2005 ha e ntse e le mopresidente oa Facebook, Parker o ile a tšeloa ka chelete ea cocaine eaba o tlohela k'hamphani eo. Ka lebaka la ho kenella ha hae le Facebook, Parker e nkoa e le $ 3.5 limilione tse likete.
Lilemong tse latelang ka mor'a ho tlohela Facebook, Parker o ile a lebisa tlhokomelo ea hae ho fana ka liphallelo. Ka June 2015, Parker e fane ka liranta tse limilione tse 600 ho Parker Foundation.
Ho ea ka websaete ea Parker Foundation:
Motheo ona o theha tšehetso ea Sechaba ea ho fana ka tšehetso ea boipheliso 'me o kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa hae oa bo-pula-maliboho lefapheng la theknoloji, mecha ea phatlalatso, mohaho oa khampani le leano la sechaba. E thehiloe San Francisco, motheo o ikemiselitse ho phehella phetoho e kholo ea ts'ebetsong ka likarolo tse tharo tse shebileng: Bophelo ba Sciences, Bophelo bo Botle ba Bophelo ba Lefatše le Bophelo ba Sechaba.
Ka April 2016, Parker Foundation e ile ea fana ka liranta tse limilione tse 250 ho theha Parker Institute ea Cancer Immunotherapy. (Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, Parker o rata ho reha mesebetsi ea hae ea mohau ka mor'a hae.)
Ho na le eng ea immunotherapy?
Khōlo 'meleng ea rona e hlaha ka lebaka la litsela tse rarahaneng tse fetisang lipontšo tsa tlhaho tse hlahisoang ke mahlahana a tlhaho. Ka ho khetha liketso tsa basebetsi bana ba tlhaho, bafuputsi ba khonne ho loantša kankere.
Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, joaloka li-interleukins, li-interferon le li-cytokine tse ling tse sa tšoaneng, li ka thehoa ka laborateng. Ho feta moo, lihlahisoa tsa motsoako, tse etsisang tlhahiso ea matšoao a tlhaho, le tsona li ka hlahisoa ka laborateng.
Mefuta e joalo ea tlhaho le ea maiketsetso e ka fanoa ho e-na le khohlatso le ho hōla ha lisele tsa kankere kapa ho nolofalletsa lisele tse phetseng hantle ho thibela kholo ea lisele tsa kankere. Tšebeliso ea mahlahana a etsang hore motho a itšireletse mafung a bitsoa immunotherapy .
Histori e Khutšoanyane ea Immunotherapy
Phello ea motheo ea ho itšireletsa mafung - ho sebelisa tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ho felisa kankere - hase ntho e ncha. Batho ba ne ba e-na le maikutlo a ho khutlela morao lekholong la bo19 la lilemo. Ho feta pakeng tsa 1890 le 1960, bafuputsi ba sa tšoaneng ba ile ba leka ho tšoaetsa bakuli ba kankere ba sebelisa baktheria ho phekola kankere; Litholoana tsa liteko tsena li ne li tsoakane.
E ne e se ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1980 moo re ileng ra qala ho ithuta ho eketsehileng ka tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ka ho khetheha lilemong tsa bo-1980, bafuputsi ba ile ba fumana tse peli tsa tlhaho tse ileng tsa ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung: mohloli o moholo oa lipapali tsa hae (MHC) le T-cell receptor (TCR). Lintho tsena tse sibollotsoeng li ile tsa bululela ho hlaseloa ha liteko tsa lingaka pele ho nako. Leha ho le joalo, liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tsa phekolo ea immunotherapy ha lia ka tsa etsahala ho fihlela re utloisisa hantle T-cell mosebetsing hammoho le limolek'hule tsa coinhibitor le costimulatory. Ke kopa o hopotse hore tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ha e sebetse hantle ebile e sebelisa matla a eona ho loantša maloetse, re lokela ho utloisisa liketso tsa eona hantle.
Melao-motheo e 3 e Amanang le Kankere Immunology le Immunotherapy
Ho na le litekanyetso tse tharo tsa motheo tse tsamaisang tšimo ea kankere ea immunology le tataiso e ka khonehang ea immunotherapies.
Molao-motheo oa # 1: thibelo ea 'mele. Ts'oaetso ea 'mele e bolela mokhoa oo' mele oa 'mele oa ho itšireletsa mafung o sebetsang le ho felisa lisele tsa masapo tse fetotsoeng' me ha li sa tloaeleha (nahana ka lisele tsa kankere).
Molao-motheo oa bobeli: phetoho ea 'mele. Phetoho ea 'mele ea mantlha e bolela mokhoa oo tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e sebetsang ho thibela lisele tse nang le kankere. Tlhōlo ena e etsa hore ho be le tekano, eo lisele tsa 'mele li phelang ho eona empa li hlahlojoa. Leha ho le joalo, lisele tsa 'mele li khona ho qoba liphello tsa tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ka lebaka la ho fokotsa matla a ho itšireletsa mafung kapa matla a ho hlōla karabo ea 'mele. Lisele tsena tse pholohileng li fetoha kankere e hlakileng ea bongaka.
Molao-motheo oa boraro: mamello ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ka ho mamelleha ha 'meleng, lisele tsa kankere tse sitoang ke matla a ho itšireletsa mafung li sebelisa' mele oa 'mele oa ho itšireletsa le ho tsoela pele ho hōla le ho arola.
Parker o re o entse qeto ea ho kenya chelete e ngata ka ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa immunotherapy hobane immunotherapy ke eona feela phekolo e bontšitsoeng e khonang ho etsa hore motho a tšoareloe nako e telele. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa immunotherapy li fumaneha chelete e ngata - ho amohela karolo ea 4 lekholong ea National Cancer Institute e ka bang liranta tse limilione tse likete tse libilione tsa selemo. Ho phaella moo, Parker o bolela hore R & D lik'hamphaning tsa meriana li thahasella ho lefella lipatlisiso tse hlahisang chemotherapy kapa lihlaseli tse hlaselitsoeng kahoo ho eketsa tlhokahalo ea monehelo oa lipatlisiso tsa immunotherapy.
Lisebelisoa:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. Li-Molecular le Genomic Surgery. Ka: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. Melao ea Schwartz ea ho Buuoa, 10e . New York, NY: Hill ea McGraw; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. Ka: HM ea Kantarjian, Wolff RA. eds. Buka ea MD Anderson ea Oncology ea Bongaka, ea 3e . New York, NY: Hill ea McGraw; 2016.