Tlhaloso ea kakaretso ho e 'ngoe ea litsamaiso tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa' meleng oa hau
Tsamaiso ea methapo ke karolo ea likarolo tse hlollang ka ho fetisisa tsa 'mele oa motho. Lenaneo la hau la metha le nka boitsebiso bohle lefats'eng le u pota-potileng le ho romella molaetsa ho mesifa ea hau, e leng se u lumellang hore u tsamaee lefatšeng. Sesebelisoa sa hau sa methapo se ikemetseng le sona se laola mesebetsi eohle ea hau ea bohlokoa, tseo boholo ba tsona u sa tsebeng ka hloko.
Ka bokhutšoanyane, e u boloka u phela.
Le hoja ho ka 'na ha ikutloa eka ke karolo e itseng ea bohlokoa ea' mele oa hau e sa tsejoeng ka ho qaptjoa, mohlomong ke ntho e ntle eo tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea ho itšireletsa e tsoang ka taolo ea hau e hlokolosi. Haeba u oela ha u ithuta ho tsamaea, u ka 'na ua itematsa ka nakoana, empa ka kakaretso u ithute ho ikhethela le ho qala hape. Na u ka inahanela haeba u lokela ho ithuta ho potlakisa pelo ea hau neng kapa neng ha u ne u hloka? Kapa haeba u khaotsa ho hema nako le nako u robala?
Joaloka lintho tse ngata tse nkoang e le tsa bohlokoa, moelelo oa tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithati e iponahatsa ha ntho e itseng e fosahetse. Le hoja maloetse a fokolang a hlasela tsamaiso ea methapo ea boipheliso feela, hoo e batlang e le mathata ohle a bongaka a na le tšusumetso e itseng ho limela. E le hore u utloisise hantle mafu le bophelo bo botle, ke habohlokoa hore u tsebe hore na tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo e sebetsa joang.
Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy
Tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea boithaopo e batla e le ka ntle ho tsamaiso ea methapo e meholo 'me e kopanyelletsa likarolo tse peli tse kholo: karolo ea craniosacral (parasympathetic), le karolo ea thoracolumbar (kutloelo-bohloko).
Ka linako tse ling tsena li nahanoa e le tse fapaneng, qetellong li otla botsitso ka har'a 'mele. The parasympathetic li amahanngoa le boikhathollo, ho senya lijo, 'me ka kakaretso li nolofaletsa. Motho ea nang le kutloelo-bohloko o ikarabella bakeng sa karabo ea "ntoa kapa sefofane".
E 'ngoe ea lintho tse thahasellisang mabapi le tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo ke hore, ka ntle ho moo, methapo ea methapo ea methapo e bitsoang ganglion pele molaetsa o fetisetsoa ho setho se hlaselitsoeng, joaloka sesepa sa salivary.
Sena se lumella boemo bo bong ba puisano le taolo.
The Parasympathetic
Matšoao a mangata a tsamaiso ea methapo ea likokoana-hloko ea parasympathetic e qala molekong oa boko ba hau. Ho tloha moo, ba tsamaea ka methapo ea maqhubu a kang vagus nerve, e fokotsang lebelo la pelo, kapa methapo ea oculomotor, e behang morutuoa oa leihlo. Ho ferekanya maikutlo ke ntho e etsang hore mahlo a hao a senyehe 'me molomo oa hao o khone ho tiea. Tse ling tsa parasympathetic li felisoa maboteng a litho tsa thoracic le ka mpeng joaloka setho sa 'meleng, lipampiri tsa meno, pharynx, pelo, liphakaretsi, gallbladder, liphio, le bohobe. Sacral parasympathetic e lumellana le ganglia ka marako a kolone, senya le litho tse ling tsa pelvic.
Ba se nang kutloelo-bohloko
Mefuta e nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo e tsoa karolong ea lateral ea mokokotlo oa mokokotlo moo ba fumanang boitsebiso ho tsoa likarolong tsa boko tse kang brainstem le hypothalamus . Li-fung li tsoa li-syntapses ka li-ganglia ka ntle ho mokokotlo oa lihlopha tsa tsona, hangata li le meleng ea mali. Ka mohlala, methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e theola mahlo a hau ka lebaka la lefifi kapa ts'oaetso e tsoang mokokotlong oa molaleng oa hau le synapse ho ganglion e bitsoang ganglion e nang le kutloelo-bohloko, joale e matha ka methapo ea carotid lifahlehong le mahlong.
Ts'oaetso ena ho litho tsa malapa a ponahalo ea mpeng le ea pelvic, hammoho le li-follicle tsa moriri, litšoelesa tsa mofufutso le tse ling.
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
Mekhoa ea methapo e buisana le baemeli ba lik'hemik'hale ba bitsoang neurotransmitters. Li-neurotransmitters tse kang acetylcholine le norepinephrine ke tsona tse ikarabellang bakeng sa puisano tsamaisong ea hau ea methapo ea boithaopo. Bakeng sa likarolo tse peli tsa parasympathetic le kutloelo-bohloko tsa motlakase, acetylcholine e lokolloa boemong ba ganglia. Li-acetylcholine receptors ganglin li na le nicotinic 'me li ka thibeloa ke lithethefatsi tse kang ho phekola. Leha ho le joalo, li-neurotransmitters lia fapana ha lisele tsa methapo li fihla lipheo tsa tsona.
Lenaneong la methapo ea li-parasympathetic, li-receptor tsa postganglionic likarolong tse kang pampiri ea moriana li bitsoa muscarinic 'me li kotsing ea lithethefatsi tse kang atropine.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-neurons tse nang le kutloelo-bohloko li tsoa feela norepinephrine, ntle le litšoelesa tsa mofu le mesifa e tsitsitseng meleng ea mali, eo acetylcholine e ntseng e sebelisoa. Norepinephrine e lokolitsoeng ke li-neurons tsa post-ganglion e otla sehlopha sa li-receptor tse bitsoang lelapa la adrenergic la li-receptors. Ho na le mekhahlelo e 'meli e meholo ea li-receptor tsa adrenergic, alpha, le beta, e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le lihlophaana tse nang le thepa ea eona e khethehileng' me e ka sebelisoa ka mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea meriana.
Ho Laola Khatello ea Mali
Khatello ea mali ke mohlala o motle oa kamoo metsoako ea kutloelo-bohloko le likaroloana tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e sebetsang hammoho 'meleng. Ka kakaretso, ho na le lintho tse peli tse ka sehloohong tse bakang khatello ea mali hore e nyolohe: Lebelo le matla a pelo ea hao ea ho senya, le ho fokotseha ha methapo ea mali 'meleng oa hau. Ha tsamaiso ea methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e laola, pelo ea hau e phalla ka thata le ka potlako, methapo ea hau ea mali e patisane ebile e thata, 'me khatello ea mali ea hau e tla ba e phahameng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tsamaiso ea parasympathetic e fokotsa pelo 'me e bula methapo ea mali, e etsa hore khatello ea mali e oele.
Ak'u nahane u eme ka tšohanyetso ka mor'a hore u lule fatše nako e telele. Li-receptors tse peli li utloisisa khatello ea marako a khatello ea mali mokokotlong oa carotid sinus le aortic le ho romella melaetsa ho bokhoni ba kelello, e leng karabo e loketseng ka ho eketsa khatello ea mali.
Maemong a mang, u ka 'na ua hloka khatello ea mali ea hau hore e tsohe hobane u re, o tšohile ke bere e halefileng. Esita le pele u qala ho matha, boko ba hao bo hlokometse le bere 'me bo romella melaetsa ho hypothalamus ea hao ho lokisa' mele oa hau hore o kene ketsong. Ba nang le kutloelo-bohloko ba ts'oaroa, pelo e qala ho fokotseha, 'me khatello ea mali e qala ho phahama.
Le hoja ho na le lisebelisoa tse ling tse ka thibelang khatello ea mali, tse kang lihomone, tsena li atisa ho tsamaea butle le ho lieha, eseng kapele joaloka tse laoloang ka ho toba ke tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea boithaopo.
Tsela ea ho Laola Ts'ebetso ea Hao ea Matšoenyeho
Bakeng sa boholo ba rona, tsamaiso ea methapo ea boipheliso e atisa ho tsoa taolong ea rona e hlokolosi. Leha ho le joalo, cortex ea boko ba hao, e tloaelehileng e amanang le monahano o nahanang, e ka fetola tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea boipheliso ka tekanyo e itseng. Mokokotlong, sehlekehlekeng sa khale, sepakapaka se nang le li-cortex, substantia innominata, amygdala le li-ventromedial prefrontal cortex lia buisana le hypothalamus ho ama tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea boithati. K'homphieutheng, nucleus tractus solitarius ke setsi sa taelo se matla sa tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo, e leng ho romela monehelo ka boholo ba merobo ea IX le X.
Hobane cortex e amahanngoa le tsamaiso ea methapo ea boithaopo, u ka khona ho laola tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea boithaopo ka boiteko bo matla, haholo-holo ka mokhoa o itseng. Batho ba koetlisitsoeng haholo, ba kang ma-yoga a tsoetseng pele, ba ka khona ho fokotsa sekhahla sa lipelo tsa bona ka boomo kapa hona ho laola mocheso oa 'mele oa bona ka mekhoa ea ho thuisa. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba rona re lebisa tlhokomelo linthong tse phomolang ho e-na le ho khathatseha, kapa ho hema feela ha u lemoha tsamaiso ea hau e nang le methapo ea maikutlo e baka mokokotlo o potlakileng kapa boikutlo ba ho tšoenyeha, ho ka etsa hore tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea tsitsipano e khutlele ka tekanyo ea ho laola.
Lisebelisoa
- Adams le Melao-motheo ea Victor's Neurology, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.
- Blumenfeld H, Neuroanatomy ho feta ka Kliniki ea Ketsahalo. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002.