Sheba masapo, mofufu, cerebrospinal fluid, le ho feta
U ka 'na ua hlolloa ha u utloa hore ho hlophisoa ha metsi a' mele oa rona ho thata haholo. Mabapi le metsi a 'mele, foromo e latela mosebetsi . 'Mele oa rona o etsa li-fluids tsena ho finyella litlhoko tsa rona tsa nama, tsa maikutlo le tsa metsoako.
A re ke re shebisise hore na lihloliloeng tse robeli tsa 'mele li entsoe ka: (1) mofufutso, (2) CSF, (3) mali, (4) marapo, (5) meokho, (6) moroto, (7) semela, le (8) lebese la matsoele.
Kofu
Ho rohakana ke mokhoa oa ho ruruha-tsela eo re itlhoekisang ka eona. Kofu e tsoa ka holim'a letlalo la rona 'me e pata' mele ea rona.
Ke hobane'ng ha u sa fufulele? Ke hobane'ng ha u fufuleloa haholo? Ho na le phapang pakeng tsa hore na batho ba fufuleloa hakae. Batho ba bang ba fufulela tlase, 'me batho ba bang ba fufulela ho feta. Lintho tse ka amang tsela eo u rohakang ka eona e akarelletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, tekano, tikoloho le boemo ba ho ikoetlisa.
Mona ke lintlha tse akaretsang mabapi le ho rohakana:
- Banna ba fufulela ka holimo ho feta basali.
- Batho ba se nang sebōpeho ba ruruha haholo ho feta batho ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba ho ikoetlisa.
- Boemo ba ho tlosoa ha metsi bo ka ama tsela eo u hlahang ka eona.
- Batho ba boima haholo ba fufuleloa ho feta batho ba khanyang hobane ba na le boima bo bongata ba 'mele bo pholileng.
Hyperhidrosis ke boemo ba bongaka boo ho lona motho a ka rohakang ka ho feteletseng, esita le nakong ea phomolo kapa ha ho bata. Hyperhidrosis e ka hlaheloa ke maemo a mabeli le a mang, a kang hyperthyroidism, lefu la pelo, kankere le lefu la carcinoid.
Hyperhidrosis ke boemo bo sa phutholohang le ka linako tse ling bo soabisang. Haeba u belaella hore u na le hyperhidrosis, ka kopo kopana le ngaka ea hau. Ho na le dikgetho tsa phekolo tse fumanehang, tse kang li-antiperspirants, meriana, Botox, le ho buuoa ho tlosa li-glands tse feteletseng.
Sebopeho sa mofufutso se itšetlehile ka lintlha tse ngata, tse kenyeletsang ho kenngoa ha metsi, mocheso o nang le mocheso, mongobo le ho etsa li-hormone hammoho le mofuta oa mofufutso (eccrine kapa apocrine).
Ka kakaretso, mofufutso o na le tse latelang:
- Metsi
- Sodium ea chloride (letsoai)
- Urea (litšila)
- Albumin (protein)
- Li-electrolyte (sodium, potasiamo, magnesium le calcium)
Kofu e hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsa kereke , e leng holimo feela, e na le monko o fokolang. Leha ho le joalo, mofufutso o hlahisoang ke litapole tse tebileng le tse khōloanyane tsa apocrine tse ka mokotleng (axilla) le monokotšoai ke smellier hobane li na le lihlahisoa tse entsoeng ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha libaktheria. Manyolo a mofufutso a fana ka tatso e letsoai. PH ea lipalesa tsa mofufutso pakeng tsa 4.5 le 7.5.
Hoa thahasellisa hore lipatlisiso li bontša hore lijo li ka ama mohoete oa ho ruruha, hape. Batho ba jang sesedium e eketsehileng ba na le sodium e phahameng ka har'a mofufutso oa bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba jang sesebe e nyenyane ba hlahisa mofufutso o nang le sodium e nyenyane.
Letsoalo le nang le mokokotlo
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), e hlatsoang boko le mokokotlo, ke metsi a hlakileng le a se nang mebala, a nang le mesebetsi e mengata. Ea pele, e fana ka limatlafatsi bokong le mokokong oa mokokotlo. Ea bobeli, e felisa litšila tse tsoang tsamaisong ea methapo e meholo. 'Me ea boraro, e khomarela le ho sireletsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea bohareng.
CSF e hlahisoa ke plexus ea choroid. Plexus ea li-choroid ke marang-rang a lisele tse leng li-ventricle tsa boko 'me li na le methapo ea mali.
Ntho e nyenyane ea CSF e tsoa ho thibelo ea mali-ea boko. CSF e entsoe ka livithamini tse 'maloa, li-ions (ke hore, salts), le liprotheine tse kenyeletsang tse latelang:
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
- Potassium (e nyenyane)
- Calcium (e nyenyane)
- Magnesium (e nyenyane)
- Ascorbic acid (vithamine)
- Folate (vithamine)
- Thiamine le pyridoxal monophosphates (livithamine)
- Leptin (protheine e tsoang mali)
- Transthyretin (protheine e hlahisoang ke plexus ea choroid)
- Kotsi e kang insulin e kgolo kapa IGF (e hlahisoang ke plexus ea choroid)
- Ntho e entsoeng ke pelo ea neutrotrophic kapa BDNF (e hlahisoang ke plexus ea choroid)
Mali
Mali ke mokelikeli o potolohang pelo le methapo ea mali (nahana meriana le methapo).
E na le phepo e nepahetseng le oksijene ho pholletsa le 'mele. E na le:
- Plasma: mokelikeli o mosehla o mosehla o etsang karolo ea mali ea metsi
- Lekocyte: lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tse nang le mesebetsi ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung
- Erythrocytes: lisele tse khubelu tsa mali
- Li-plateate: lisele tse se nang khubu tse amehang ho koala
Lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali, lisele tse khubelu tsa mali le erythrocyte kaofela li simoloha lerung.
Plasma e kholo e entsoe ka metsi. Kakaretso 'mele oa metsi o arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo tsa metsi: (1) plasma; 2) metsoako e mengata e sa tloaelehang ea metsi, kapa lymph; le (3) li-intracellular fluid (lisele tse ka har'a lisele).
Plasma e boetse e entsoe ka (1) ions kapa letsoai (haholo-holo sodium, chloride le bicarbonate); (2) li-acids tsa mokelikeli; le (3) liprotheine. Ho thahasellisang ke hore motsoako oa ionic oa plasma o tšoana le oa metsoako ea metsi e kang lymph, e nang le mali a mali a nang le liprotheine tse phahameng ho feta tsa lymph.
Matšoao le Matšoao a mang a Mucosal
Sali ha e le hantle ke mofuta oa li-mucus. Mucus ke seme e koahelang likokoana-hloko 'me e entsoe ka liphiri tse nyenyane, letsoai le sa tloaelehang, li-leukocyte le lisebelisoa tsa letlalo (tse hloekileng).
Maseba a hlakile, alkaline, 'me a batla a e-na le masoabi. E ngotsoe ke li-parotide, li-sublingual, submaxillary, le li-gland tse nyenyane tse ling le li-gland tse nyane tse nyenyane. Enzyme ea salivary α-amylase e tlatsetsa ho cheka lijo. Ho feta moo, masapo a moistens ebile a nolofatsa lijo.
Ho phaella ho α-amylase, e senyang starch ho maltose ea tsoekere, masapo a boetse a na le globulin, serum albumin, mucin, leukoctyes, potassium thiocynatate le likokoana-hloko tsa epithelial. Ho phaella moo, ho itšetlehile ka ho pepa, chefo e ka boela ea fumanoa mathe.
Ho hlophisoa ha masapo le mefuta e meng ea secretion ea mucosal e fapana ho ea ka litlhoko tsa libaka tse khethehileng tsa libaka tseo ba li tšollang kapa tse bolileng. Mesebetsi e meng eo metsi ana a thusang ho e etsa e kenyeletsa tse latelang:
- Ho ja lijo tse nepahetseng
- Ho qeta lihlahisoa tsa litšila
- Phetoho ea khase
- Tšireletso ea lik'hemik'hale le mechine e sithabetsang
- Tšireletso ea likokoana-hloko (libaktheria)
Masapo le li-secretions tse ling li kopanela boholo ba liprotheine tse tšoanang. Liprotheine tsena li fapane ka tsela e fapaneng ka li-secretions tse fapaneng tse amanang le mosebetsi oa tsona. Li-proteine feela tse tobileng mathe ke li-histatine le liprotheine tse ruileng tse nang le prolineine tse nang le acidic (PRPs).
Litsebi tsa histori li na le thepa ea antibacterial le antifungicidal. Li boetse li thusa ho theha leqhoa, kapa letlalo le tšesaane kapa filimi, e lebisang molomong. Ho feta moo, li-histatins ke liprotheine tse khahlanong le ho ruruha tse thibelang ho lokolloa ha histamine ka lisele tse ngata.
Litho tsa PRPs tse nang le li-sciva ka mathe li na le li-amino acid tse kang proline, glycine le glutamic acid. Liprotheine tsena li ka thusa ka khalsiamo le li-homeostasis tse ling tsa moriri molomong. (Calcium ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea meno le lesapo.) Litho tsa PRPs tse nang le likokoana-hloko li ka boela tsa fokotsa lintho tse chefo tse fumanoang lijong. Tlhokomelo, li-PRPs tsa motheo li fumanoa eseng feela mathe empa hape li fumanoe ka likhukhuni tse senyang le tse senyang 'me li ka etsa hore mesebetsi e meng e sireletsehileng e sireletsehileng.
Li-protheine tse fumanoang ka bongata likarolong tsohle tsa li-mucosal li kenya letsoho mesebetsing e tloaelehileng ho tsohle tse kang li-lubrication. Liprotheine tsena li oela likarolong tse peli:
Sehlopha sa pele se na le liprotheine tse hlahisoang ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ts'oanang tse fumanoang liphatseng tsohle tsa salivary le tsa mucous: lisozyme (enzyme) le sIgA (an antibody e nang le ts'oaetso ea 'mele).
Sehlopha sa bobeli se na le liprotheine tse sa tšoaneng empa ho e-na le hoo li arolelana liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsa moralo, tse kang mucins, α-amylase (enzyme), kallikreins (li-enzyme) le li-cystatine. Mucin e fana ka marapo le mefuta e meng ea mucus ea bona ea viscosity, kapa botenya.
Ka pampiri ea 2011 e hatisitsoeng ka Proteome Science , Ali le ba-mongoli ba sebete ba fumane mefuta e 55 ea mefuta e mengata ea li-mucin tse teng tseleng ea batho. Habohlokoa, li-mucins li theha lik'hemik'hale tse khōlō tse phahameng (li-molecular-boima) glycosylated le liprotheine tse ling tse kang sIgA le albumin. Li-complexes tsena li thusa ho sireletsa khahlanong le ho felloa ke metsi, ho boloka li-viscoelasticity, ho sireletsa lisele tse hlahelang libakeng tsa mucosal, le libaktheria tse hlakileng.
Meokho
Meokho ke mofuta o ikhethang oa li-mucus. Li hlahisoa ke litšoelesa tsa mollo. Lithaba li hlahisa filimi e sireletsang e khanyang leihlo 'me e e hula ka lerōle le lintho tse ling tse halefisang. Li boetse li ama oksijene mahlo 'me li thusa ka ho khantša leseli ka cornea le ho kena lenseng ho ea tseleng ea retina.
Lithaba li na le motsoako o rarahaneng oa letsoai, metsi, liprotheine, lipids le li-mucins. Ho na le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liprotheine tse 1526 ka meokho. Ho khahlisang, ha ho bapisoa le serum le plasma, meokho ha e rarahane haholo.
Protheine e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa e fumanehang meokho ke lysozyme ea enzyme, e sireletsang mahlo ho tsoa tšoaetsong ea baktheria. Ho feta moo, li-secretary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) ke immunoglobulin e kholo e fumanoang meokho le ho sireletsa mahlo khahlanong le likokoana-hloko tse hlaselang.
Urine
Urine e hlahisoa ke liphio. E kholo e entsoe ka metsi. Ho phaella moo, e na le ammonia, litente (sodium, potasiamo, joalo-joalo) le anions (chloride, bicarbonate, joalo-joalo). Urine e boetse e na le litsela tse ngata tsa tšepe, tse kang koporo, mercury, nickel le zinc.
Semen
Semenete ea motho ke ho emisoa ha peō ka lero la mali a 'mele o entsoeng ka likheo tsa Cowper (bulbourethral) le litšoelesa tsa Littre, prostate gland, ampulla le epididymis, le vesicles ea seminal. Lik'hemik'hale tsa litšoelesa tsena tse fapaneng li kopane ka ho feletseng ka semela.
Karolo ea pele ea ejaculate, e etsang hoo e batlang e le karolo ea bohlano lekholong ea palo e feletseng, e tsoa liphatsong tsa Cowper le Littre. Karolo ea bobeli ea ejaculate e tsoa ho prostate gland 'me e etsa pakeng tsa 15 lekholong le karolo ea 30 lekholong ea molumo. Ka mor'a moo, ampulla le epididymis ba etsa monehelo o monyenyane ho ejaculate. Qetellong, li-vesicles tsa seminal li thusa karolo e setseng ea ejaculate, 'me likheo tsena li etsa boholo ba semen.
Prothete e tlatsetsa lilek'hule, liprotheine, le li-ion tse latelang:
- Citric acid
- Inositol (joala bo nang le vithamine)
- Zinc
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Acid phosphatase (enzyme)
K'halsiamo, magnesium le zinc tse ngata li ntse li fapana ka banna.
Lihlahisoa tsa seminaline li fana ka tse latelang:
- Ascorbic acid
- Fructose
- Prostaglandins (li-hormone-joaloka)
Le hoja boholo ba fructose e le semen, e leng tsoekere e sebelisoang e le oli ea peō, e tsoa litsing tsa seminal vesicles, fructose e nyenyane e pateloa ke ampulla ea ductus deferens. Epididymis e thusa L-carnitine le ho se nke lehlakore alpha-glucosidase hore e be semen.
Botšehali ke tikoloho e ntle haholo. Leha ho le joalo, semela e na le matla a phahameng a ho tsuba, e leng se lumellang ho boloka pH e sa jeleng paate le ho phunyeletsa lipere tsa mokokotlo, tse nang le pH e sa jeleng paate. Ha ho hantle hantle hantle hore na ke hobane'ng ha semenete e na le matla a phahameng a ho rekisa. Litsebi li nahana hore HCO3 / CO2 (bicarbonate / carbon dioxide), liprotheine, le tse tlaase-limolek'hule tse ngata, tse kang citrate, phosphate e sa tloaelehang le pyruvate, kaofela li tlatsetsa ho ntlafatsa matla.
Sosmolarity ea semen e ntle haholo ka lebaka la ho ba le tsoekere e phahameng (fructose) le letsoai la ionic (magnesium, potasiamo, sodium le joalo).
Litho tsa semela tsa semenete li fapane haholo. Ha ejaculation e qala, semen e qala ho kopanya lihlahisoa tsa gelatin. Lintho tse kopanetsoeng li ngotsoe ke li-vesicles tsa seminal. Sesebelisoa sena sa gelatin se fetoloa ho metsi ka mor'a hore lintho tse hlahisang liprotheine li sebetse.
Ntle le ho fana ka matla bakeng sa peo, fructose e boetse e thusa ho theha liprotheine tse rarahaneng mobung. Ho feta moo, ha nako e ntse e ea, fructose e fokotseha ka mokhoa o bitsoang fructolysis mme o hlahisa lactic acid. Semela ea khale e phahame ka lactic acid.
Boima ba ejaculate bo fapane haholo 'me bo itšetlehile ka hore na bo hlahisoa ka mor'a ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali. Ho thahasellisang ke hore esita le tšebeliso ea likhohlopo e ka ama boholo ba semen. Bafuputsi ba bang ba hakanya hore boholo ba semen bo boholo ba 3.4 mL.
Lebese la Letlalo
Lebese la lebese le na le phepo e nepahetseng eo lesea le sa tsoa tsoaloa le e hlokang. Ke mokelikeli o rarahaneng o nang le mafura a mangata, liprotheine, lik'habohaedreite, mafura a acide, amino acid, diminerale, li-vithamine le likarolo tse hlahang. E boetse e na le likaroloana tse sa tšoaneng tsa bioactive, tse kang lihomone, mabaka a likokoana-hloko, lik'hemik'hale tsa mokokotlo, lintho tsa trophic le kholo ea modulator.
Labalabela
Ho utloisisa hore na lisebelisoa tsa 'mele li entsoe ka eng le ho bapisoa ha metsi a mmele a ka ba le mekhoa ea ho phekola le ea ho hlahloba. Ka mohlala, tšimong ea meriana e thibelang, ho na le thahasello ea ho hlahloba meokho bakeng sa likokoana-hloko ho fumana lefu le omeletseng, glaucoma, retinopathies, kankere, multiple sclerosis, le ho feta.
> Mohloli
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