Ho utloisisa Ts'ebetso ea Immune

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Ho utloisisa Karabo ea Immune

Ka mosebetsi oa ho thibela, ho laola kapa ho felisa mafu, tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa bophelong ba rona ba letsatsi le leng le le leng. Joaloka marang-rang a rarahaneng a litho tsa 'mele le lisele tse khethehileng, tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e sireletsa 'mele ka ho khetholla lisele tse tloaelehileng le lisele tsa ntho leha e le efe kapa lintho tse phelang tseo e nkang e le linaheng tse ling.

Ha tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e hlokomela ntho e' ngoe e le moemeli oa naha e 'ngoe, e tla eketsa karabo ea' mele oa 'mele. Litho tsena li ka hlalosoa ka ho hlaka e le li-antigens kapa allergens.

• An antigen e ka ba baktheria, li-fungus, kokoana-hloko, likokoana-hloko, chefo kapa ntho e tsoang linaheng tse ling. Tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e hlokomela antigen ka eona e leng litšobotsi tse etsang hore motho a itšoare ka' mele. Sepheo sa karabo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ke ho fokotsa antigen.
• Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le ntho e seng kotsi, e kang cat dander kapa peo e phofshoana, eo 'mele o e nkang e le antigen. Ha sena se etsahala, tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e tla qala karabo eo re e bitsang e le ntho e fokolang.

Bakeng sa mabaka a e-s'o ka a utloisisa ka botlalo, tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ka linako tse ling e ke ke ea tsebahatsa lisele tsa eona esele linaheng tse ling' me ea phahamisa likarabo tsa 'mele. Re bolela sena e le boloetse bo ikemetseng. Mehlala e kenyelletsa psoriasis, ramatiki ea ramatiki, lupus, kapa mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere.

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The Anatomy System ea Immune

Tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e na le likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa litho, litšoelesa le lisele tse tšehetsang khōlo ea hau le nts'etsopele ea hau. Tsena li kenyelletsa:

• Motso oa masapo ke moo mali 'ohle le lisele tsa' mele tsa 'mele tsa' mele li hlahisoang.
• The thymus gland , e ka morao ho lesapo la letsoho e kenyelletsoa ho ts'oaetso ea lisele tse itseng tsa ho itšireletsa.
• Lymph nodes , tse pota-potileng 'meleng, ntlo e na le lisele tse fapaneng tsa' mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung tse hlokahalang ho qalisa katleho ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung.
• Spleen e na le lisele tsa lymphoid tse sebetsang le ho tsosolosa mali le lisele tsa 'mele tsa' mele.
• Lymphatic system ke tsela e khōlō pakeng tsa lisele le litho tse jereng lymph, metsi a se nang mebala a tletseng lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali.

Litho tsena li boetse li bapalami ba bohlokoa ho hlahisa lymphocyte, lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali tse sebetsang joaloka ba arabelang pele ha u tsoa likotsi kapa u kula.

Lihlopha tse peli tse kholo tsa lymphocyte ke B-lisele le T-lisele. B-lisele li lula lerung la masapo ho fihlela li hōlile, ha li-T li ntse li ea ho thymus ho qeta ho nona ha tsona. Hang ha o se a hōlile, li-B-lisele le li-T-cell li sebelisa tsamaiso ea mali le lymphatic ho tsoela pele ho pholletsa le 'mele.

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Mefuta ea Likarabo tsa Immune

Ka pel'a moemeli leha e le ofe ea bakang mafu (pathogen), tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ke ke ea hlahisa likarabo tse peli tse fapaneng tsa ho itšireletsa mafung

• Mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa mafung oa innate o nkoa e le tlhaselo ea mela ea pele ho tšoso leha e le efe e akaretsang, e kang kokoana-hloko kapa libaktheria. Ke ntho e tloaelehileng hobane e lula e le teng, e lula e ts'oana, 'me e sebelisa lisele tse ts'oanang tsa ho itšireletsa.
• Karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ke e' ngoe eo tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e sebetsang ka eona, ha e ela hloko pathogen, e etsa lisele tse tobileng le ho fokotsa pathogen eo. Ha e le joalo, tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e fetela ho pathogen e' ngoe le e '

Karabelo ea ho fetola maikutlo e itšetlehile ka lisele tse peli tsa B le lisele tsa T. Lisele tsa B li sebetsa ka ho ela hloko li-antigen le li-secreting tse bitsoang li-antibodies tse "tšoaetsang" pathogen. Lisele tsa T lia latela ka ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea "tagged" pathogen bakeng sa timetso.

Sehlopha sa B-lisele le T-lisele li bitsoa memori B-cell le T-cell. Tsena li sebeletsa e le batsamaisi ba 'mele, "ho hopola" likokoana-hloko le ho baka likarabo haeba antigen e ka boela ea hlaha hape.

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Ho hokahanya tšebetso ea 'mele

Puisano ka hara tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e tsamaisoa haholo karolong ea lik'hemik'hale. Lik'hemik'hale tsena, tse bitsoang cytokines , li hlahisoa ke mefuta e mengata ea lisele tsa 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ho arabela boitšoarong ba lisele tse li potolohileng.

Ha li lokolloa, li-cytokines li etsa hore lisele tse ling tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung li sebetse kapa li se ke tsa nka khato. Ka ho etsa joalo, ha ba fane ka tataiso ea sephethephethe le boitšoaro, ba laola kgolo le boikarabelo ba lisele tse khethehileng (ho akarelletsa lisele tse sireletsang tsa mali le ba amehang ka ho lokisa lisele).

Li-cytokine li tšoana ka litsela tse ngata ho li-hormone. Empa, ho fapana le limolek'hule tse nang le lik'hamera, li-cytokine li kenyeletsa mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa mafung. Li-Hormone, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li laoloa haholo-holo holima physiology le boitšoaro.

Li-cytokine li bohlokoa ho bophelo bo botle le mafu, ho arabela tšoaetsong, ho ruruha, tšoaetso ea mali, sepsis, kankere, esita le mekhahlelo ea ho ikatisa.

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Karolo ea Li-Antibodies

An antibody, e tsejoang hape e le immunoglobin, ke protheine e bōpehileng joaloka Y e tsejoeng ke B-lisele tse nang le bokhoni ba ho khetholla likokoana-hloko. Litlhahiso tse peli tsa "Y" li khona ho kenya lisele tse ling tsa pathogen kapa tse nang le tšoaetso ebe li e tšoaea bakeng sa neutralization ka e 'ngoe ea litsela tse tharo:

• Ho thibela kokoana-hloko ea ho kena seleng e phetseng hantle
• Ho bontša liprotheine tse ling ho potoloha le ho harola mohlaseli ka mokhoa o bitsoang phagocytosis
• Ho bolaea pathogen ka boeona

Li-antibodies li fetisoa ho tloha ho 'm'a ho ea ho ngoana ka mokhoa o bitsoang ho hlola meriana. Ha a hlaha, ngoana o tla qala ho iponahatsa a ikemetse ho hlahisa li-antibodies, ebang o arabela ho antigen e itseng (ho itšireletsa mafung a fokolang) kapa karolo ea tlhaselo ea 'mele ea tlhaho ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung.

Batho ba khona ho hlahisa mefuta e fetang limilione tse likete tse leshome tsa li-antibodies, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lebisitsoeng ho antigen e itseng. Sebaka sa antigen-se tlamang ho antibody, se bitsoang paratope, se kenella setsing se tlatsanang le antigen e bitsoang epitope. Phapang e phahameng ea paratope e lumella tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung hore e lemohe likokoana-hloko tse ngata haholo.

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Ho utloisisa mefuta eohle ea phekolo

Ho kula ho bakoa ha tsamaiso ea 'mele ea motho ea ho itšireletsa mafung e arabela litsing tse se nang kotsi ho ba bang. Re bua ka lisebelisoa tsena e le li-allergen. Le hoja re tloaetse ho tloaelana le tšoaetso ea feberu le peō e phofshoana, ho fokotsa menyetla ho ka bakoa ke palo leha e le efe ea likokoana-hloko tse akarelletsang meriana, lijo, chefo, latex, tšepe, esita le ho pepeseha ha letsatsi.

Liphetoho tsa litlama li etsahala ha 'mele oa hao o hlahisa li-antibodies, haholo-holo immunoglobulin E (IgE), ka lebaka la ntho eo e bonang e le kotsi. Mokelikeli o se o tlama ho allergen le ho e 'ngoe ea lisele tse peli tse tšoeu tsa mali (li-cell tse lutseng ka mahlahahlaha kapa li-basophil tse ajoang ka bolokolohi maling), e leng se etsang hore ho be le lintho tse chesang tse bitsoang histamines . Karabo ena e ts'oanang e ka hlahisa ka:

• Matšoao a ho phefumoloha a kang ho sneezing, ho hlohlona, ​​nko ea mahlo, ho ba bofubelu ba mahlo, ho hema kapele, le ho sisinyeha, hangata ho bakoa ke ho halefa ha moea
• Matšoao a bohobe a kang mahlaba a mpeng, bloating, ho hlatsa, le letšollo, hangata li amana le lijo tsohle tsa lijo
• Matšoao a dermatolotiki a kang ho phatloha, maqhubu, feberu le ho tsuba, e bakiloeng ke ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsoang meriana le likokoanyana bakeng sa ho ikopanya le lintho tse phelang kapa tse sa tloaelehang

Maemong a mang, motho a ka 'na a e-ba le tšoso ea bophelo,' mele oohle oa 'mele o tsejoang e le anaphylaxis. Matšoao a kenyeletsa maqhubu a matla, ho ruruha ha sefahleho, ho tepella maikutlo, ho potlakela kapa ho lieha ha pelo, ho ba le botenya, ho tsieleha, pherekano le ho tšoha.

Meriana e bonolo e tloaelehile ho phekoloa ka antihistamine, ha liketsahalo tse ling tse tebileng li ka hloka sejoe sa epinephrine .

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Lisosa tsa mafu a ho ipolaea

Ka pelo ea eona, boloetse ba motlakase ke ponahalo ea sesole sa 'mele sa ho itšireletsa mafung, se hlasela lisele tse tloaelehileng le lisele tse nkoang li kotsi. Ke boemo boo re sa ntsaneng re bo utloisisa ka botlalo, empa lipatlisiso li bontša hore lisosa tse ngata li bapala karolo (ho akarelletsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, likokoana-hloko le tlhahiso e chefo).

Ha tsamaiso ea 'mele ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e sa sebetse, e tla lokolla lymphocyte e sireletsang le seo ho thoeng ke autoantibodies tse lebisang lisele tse likarolong tse fapaneng tsa 'mele. Tlhaloso ena e sa lokelang, eo ho thoeng e itšoara ka tsela e ikemetseng, e ka baka ho ruruha le tšenyo ea lisele.

Ho ipolaea habonolo ha ho tloaelehile. Ho na le mefuta e fetang 80 e tsebahalang ea lefu lena le nang le matšoao a tsoang ho ea bobebe ho ea boima. Tse ling tsa tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa:

• Lupus
• Ramatiki ea ramatiki
• Psoriasis
• Scleroderma
• Boloetse ba lefu lena
• Lefu la Crohn
• Ulcerative colitis
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Lefu le ferekanyang la mesifa
• Matšoafo

Kalafo e fapana le boloetse empa e ka 'na ea akarelletsa tšebeliso ea corticosteroids, meriana e thibelang ho itšireletsa mafung, lithethefatsi tse khahlanong le kankere, le plasmapheresis (plasma dialysis).

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Ho utloisisa ho se sireletseha ha meriana le liente

Liente ke lintho tse entsoeng ka manyolo kapa tse entsoeng ke motho, tse hlahisoang 'meleng ho etsa hore motho a itšoare ka' mele. Sepheo sa thibela ke ho thibela lefuba (prophylactic vaccine), ho laola lefu (thibelo ea mafu), kapa ho felisa lefu (thibela thibela).

Liente li sebelisetsoa ho tlatsa likheo ho itšireletsa mafung, ebang ke hobane motho a e-s'o pepese likokoana-hloko (joalo ka selemo sa mafu a feberu) kapa pathogen e beha kotsi e tebileng ea bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ke ke ea laola ka botlalo (joalo ka herpes zoster virus e bakang shingles).

Tse ling tsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho etsoa ka ente:

• Liente tsa bophelo li entsoe ka kokoana-hloko e phelang, e nang le bokooa ('me ka linako tse ling libaktheria) e ke keng ea baka kotsi empa leha ho le joalo e etsa hore ho be le karabo ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Li-measles, mumps, pox le polio ke tse ling tsa mehlala ea liente tsa bophelo.
• Meriana e sa sebetsoeng e sebelisa likokoana-hloko tse "bolailoeng", libaktheria kapa likokoana-hloko tse ling ho hlahisa karabo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Furu, lefu la sebete la mofuta oa A, le li-rabies ke mehlala ea liente tse sa sebetsoeng.
• Ho kenya liente ho sebelisa feela sekhechana sa pathogen ho etsa hore motho a itšoare ka 'mele. Bobeli ba lefu la sebete la mofuta oa B le papillomavirus ea motho (HPV) ke mehlala ea liente tsa bokhachane.
• Liente tsa toxoid li entsoe ka lik'hemik'hale tse sa sebetseng tse nang le kotsi tse se nang kotsi ho 'mele empa li ntse li etsa hore motho a itšoare ka' mele. Liente tsa tetanase le diphtheria li hlahisoa ka tsela ena.
• Liente tsa DNA ke tsona tseo DNA e fetotsoeng ho kenngoa ka eona ka vector (e kang kokoana-hloko e thibelang kapa libaktheria). Ka nako eo, vector e kenngoa 'meleng moo e kopanyang ho lebisa lisele le "reprograms" ho hlahisa li-antibodies tse itseng.

> Mohloli:

> Rui, R .; Fleischer, T .; Shearer, W .; et al. (2012) Immilology ea Clinical (Khatiso ea 4). New York: Elsevier Science.