Li-cell glial li na le eng?

Lisele tse ling tsa boko

E ka 'na eaba u utloile ka "taba e bohlooho" ea boko, e entsoeng ka lisele tse bitsoang neurons, empa mofuta o sa tsejoeng oa sele ea boko ke eona e etsang "taba e tšoeu." Tsena li bitsoa lisele tsa glial.

Lisele tsa Glial ke Eng?

Qalong, lisele tsa glial-tseo hape li bitsoang glia kapa neuroglia-li ne li lumeloa hore li fana ka ts'ehetso ea moralo. Lentsoe "glia" ha e le hantle le bolela "glue glue." Leha ho le joalo, li sibollo tsa morao tjena li senoletse hore li etsa mefuta eohle ea mesebetsi bokong le methapo e tsamaeang 'meleng oa hao. Ka lebaka leo, patlisiso e phatlohile 'me re ithutile lintho tse ngata ka tsona. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tse ling tse setseng ho ithuta.

Mefuta ea Li-cell Glial

Haholo-holo, lisele tsa glial li fana ka tšehetso ea li-neurons. Nahana ka bona e le letamo la mongoli bakeng sa tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo, hammoho le basebeletsi ba boithabiso le ba tlhokomelo. Ba ka 'na ba se ke ba etsa mesebetsi e kholo, empa ntle le bona, mesebetsi e meholo e ke ke ea etsoa.

Lisele tsa mahlaseli li na le mefuta e mengata, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e etsa mesebetsi e itseng e bolokang boko ba hao bo sebetsa hantle-kapa che, haeba u e-na le boloetse bo amanang le lisele tsena tsa bohlokoa.

Tsamaiso ea hau ea methapo ea methapo (CNS) e entsoe ka boko ba hao le methapo ea molaleng oa mokokotlo oa hau. Mefuta e mehlano e teng ho CNS ea hau ke:

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocyte
• Microglia
• Lisele tsa Ependymal
• Radial glia

Hape u na le lisele tse nyenyane tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo (PNS), e nang le methapo ea liphello tsa hao, hole le mokokotlo. Mefuta e 'meli ea lisele tsa glial moo ke:

• Lisele tsa Schwann
• Lisele tsa satellite

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Astrocytes

Mofuta o tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa oa li-glial cell mohareng o moholo oa methapo ke astrocyte, e boetse e bitsoa astroglia. "Astro" karolo ea lebitso lena kahobane e bolela hore e shebahala joaloka linaleli, e nang le likhahlelo tse hlahang sebakeng sohle.

Tse ling, tse bitsoang li-astrocyte tsa protoplasm, li na le maqheka a maholo ka makala a mangata. Tse ling tse bitsoang li-astrocyte tsa fibrous li na le matsoho a malelele, a mabeli a seng a sa sebetse. Mofuta oa protoplasm o atisa ho fumanoa har'a li-neurons tse nang le bohlooho bo bohlooho ha li-fibrous li tloaelehile ka taba e tšoeu. Ho sa tsotellehe phapang ena, ba etsa mesebetsi e tšoanang.

Astrocytes e na le mesebetsi e 'maloa ea bohlokoa, ho akarelletsa:

• Ho theha thibelo ea mali le boko (BBB). BBB e tšoana le mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa tshireletso, ho lumella feela dintho tse lokelang ho ba bokong ba hao ha o boloka lintho tse ka ba kotsi. Tsamaiso ena ea ho hloekisa ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka boko ba hau bo phetse hantle.
• Ho laola lik'hemik'hale tse potolohileng li-neurons. Tsela eo li-neurons li buisanang le eona ke ka lik'hemik'hale tse bitsoang neurotransmitters. Hang ha lik'hemik'hale li fetisitse molaetsa oa eona sele, ka tloaelo li lutse moo ho phunyeletsoa ho fihlela astrocyte e e khutlisetsa hape ka mokhoa o bitsoang reuptake . Mokhoa oa reuptake ke sepheo sa meriana e ngata, ho kenyelletsa le ho loantšana le ho tepella maikutlo. Li-astrocyte li boetse li hloekisa se setseng ha lefu la neuron le shoa, hammoho le li-ion tse ngata tse feteletseng, tse nang le karolo ea bohlokoa mosebetsing oa methapo.
• Ho laola ho phalla ha mali ho bokong. E le hore boko ba hau bo sebetse hantle, e hloka mali a itseng a ea libakeng tsohle tsa eona. Sebaka se mafolofolo se fumana se fetang se sa sebetseng.
• Ho lumellana le ketsahalo ea axons. Li-axx ke nako e telele, likarolo tse kang tsa khoele le methapo ea methapo e tsamaisang motlakase ho romella melaetsa ho tloha seleng e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe.

Ho se sebetse ha astrocyte ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le maloetse a mangata a mafu a macha, a akarelletsang:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS kapa lefu la Lou Gehrig)
• Choring Huntington's
• Lefu la Parkinson

Mefuta ea liphoofolo ea mafu a amanang le astrocyte e thusa bafuputsi ho ithuta ho eketsehileng ka bona ka tšepo ea ho fumana menyetla e mecha ea phekolo.

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Oligodendrocyte

Li-oligodendrocyte li tsoa li-neural stem cells. Lentsoe lena le ngotsoe ka mantsoe a Segerike, ao ka kakaretso, a bolelang "lisele tse nang le makala a 'maloa." Sepheo sa bona se ka sehloohong ke ho thusa tlhahisoleseding ho falla ka potlako ka li-axon.

Li-oligodendrocyte li shebahala joaloka libolo tsa spikey. Lintlheng tsa li-spikes tsa tsona tse tšoeu, tse khanyang tse koahelang li-cellon liphateng tsa methapo. Sepheo sa bona ke ho theha mocheso o sireletsang, joalo ka ho qhoqhoa ha polasetiki ka mehala ea motlakase. Tsela ena ea tšireletso e bitsoa kahare ea myelin.

Sekhahla ha se tsoele pele, leha ho le joalo. Ho na le lekhalo pakeng tsa lesapo le leng le bitsoang "node ea Ranvier," mme ke node e thusang matšoao a motlakase a jalang lisele tsa methapo hantle. Pontšo e tsoa ho tloha ho e 'ngoe ho ea ho e latelang, e leng e eketsang lebelo la ho khanna ha meriana empa hape e fokotsa matla a mangata a ho e fetisetsa. Lipontšo tse haufi le methapo ea meriana e ka tsamaea ka potlako ho feta lik'hilomithara tse 200 ka motsotsoana.

Ha u tsoaloa, o na le li-axone tse seng kae tsa myelinated, 'me boholo ba tsona bo ntse bo hōla ho fihlela u ka ba lilemo li 25 ho ea ho tse 30. Ho khethoa ho lumeloa hore ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho bohlale.

Li-oligodendrocyte li boetse li fana ka botsitso le ho nka matla a tsoang lisele tsa mali ho ea ho li-axon.

Poleloana "myelin sheath" e ka 'na ea u tloaela ka lebaka la ho kopana le multiple sclerosis . Ka lefu lena, ho lumeloa hore tsamaiso ea 'mele ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e hlasela li-sheaths tsa myelin, e leng se lebisang ho sa sebetse ha li-neruron le ho se sebetse ka bokooa. Likotsi tsa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo li ka 'na tsa baka tšenyo ea li-sheaths tsa myelin.

Maloetse a mang a lumelloang ho amahanngoa le ho se sebetse ha oligodendrocyte a kenyelletsa:

• Leukodystrophies
• Li-tumor tse bitsoang oligodendrogliomas
• Schizophrenia
• Lefu la ho ferekana kelellong

Lipatlisiso tse ling li bontša hore li-oligodendrocyte li ka senyeha ke glutamate ea neurotransmitter, eo, har'a mesebetsi e meng, e tsosang libaka tsa boko ba hau e le hore u ka tsepamisa maikutlo le ho ithuta tlhahisoleseding e ncha. Leha ho le joalo, ka litsela tse phahameng, glutamate e nkoa e le "excitotoxin," e bolelang hore e ka fetela lisele ho fihlela li shoa.

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Microglia

Joalokaha lebitso la bona le bontša, microglia ke lisele tse nyane tse nyenyane. Ba sebetsa e le tsamaiso ea 'mele ea boitshireletso ea boits'oaro ea boko, e hlokahalang ho tloha ha BBB e arohanya boko bo tsoang' meleng oa hao.

Microglia e ela hloko matšoao a kotsi le maloetse. Ha ba e lemoha, ba kenella le ho hlokomela bothata-ebang bo bolela ho tlosa lisele tse shoeleng kapa ho tlosa chefo kapa pathogen.

Ha ba arabela kotsing, microglia e baka ho ruruha e le karolo ea mokhoa oa ho folisa. Maemong a mang, a kang lefu la Alzheimer , ba ka 'na ba ts'oaetsoa' me ba baka ho ruruha haholo. Seo ho lumeloa hore se lebisa majoeng a amyloid le mathata a mang a amanang le lefu lena.

Hammoho le lefu la Alzheimer, mafu a ka 'nang a amana le ho se sebetse ha microglial a kenyeletsa:

• Fibromyalgia
• Bohloko bo sa foleng ba lefu la kelello
• Mathata a Autism spectrum
• Schizophrenia

Ho lumeloa hore Microglia e na le mesebetsi e mengata ho feta eo, ho kenyeletsa mesebetsi ea polasetiki e amanang le ho ithuta le ho tataisa tsoelo-pele ea boko, eo ho eona e nang le mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa ho boloka matlo.

Boko ba rona bo baka likamano tse ngata pakeng tsa li-neurons tse ba lumellang hore ba fetise boitsebiso morao le bo bong. Ha e le hantle, boko bo baka tse ngata ho feta tseo re li hlokang, tse sa sebetsang hantle. Microglia e lemoha li-synapse tse sa hlokahaleng 'me li "limela", feela joalokaha serapa se lema lifate tsa rose hore li lule li phetse hantle.

Lipatlisiso tsa microglial li hlile li tlohile lilemong tsa morao tjena, tse lebisang kutloisong e ntseng e eketseha ea boikarabello ba bona maemong a mabeli a bophelo bo botle le mafu mokhoeng o moholo oa methapo.

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Li-cell Ependymal

Lisele tsa Ependymal li tsejoa ka ho khetheha ka ho etsa lesela le bitsoang ependyma, e leng leseli le tšesaane le koahelang mohala o ka hare oa mokokotlo le li-ventricle (litsela) tsa boko. Li boetse li baka cerebrospinal fluid .

Lisele tsa Ependymal li nyenyane haholo 'me li hokahane ka thata ho theha lehare. Ka hare ho li-ventricles, li na le cilia, tse shebahalang eka ke moriri o monyane, leqhubu lena le le leng ho fumana mocheso oa cerebrospinal o potolohang.

Motsoako o nang le lero le lekaneng o fana ka limatlafatsi 'me o felisa litšila tse tsoang bokong le mokokotlong. E boetse e sebetsa e le mokokotlo le ho tsuba pakeng tsa boko ba hao le lehata. Hape ke habohlokoa bakeng sa homeostasis ea boko ba hao, e leng ho bolelang ho laola mocheso oa lona le lintho tse ling tse bolokang hore li sebetse hantle kamoo ho ka khonehang.

Lisele tsa Ependymal li kenyeletsa le BBB.

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Radial Glia

Glia ea motsoako e kholoa e le mofuta oa sele ea stem , e bolelang hore e etsa lisele tse ling. Boko bo ntseng bo hōla, ke "batsoali" ba neurone, astrocytes le oligodendrocyte. Ha u ne u le lesea, o ile a boela a fana ka scaffolding bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa neurons, ka lebaka la likhoele tse telele tse tataisang lisele tse nyenyane tsa boko sebakeng sa boko ba hao.

Karolo ea bona e le lisele tsa stem, haholo-holo e le baetsi ba li-neuron, e etsa hore e be sepheo sa lipatlisiso mabapi le ho lokisa ts'oaetso ea bokooa ho tloha ho kula kapa ho tsoa kotsi.

Hamorao bophelong, ba boetse ba phetha karolo ea ho tšoaroa ke pelo.

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Lisele tsa Schwann

Lisele tsa Schwann li bitsoa ho physiologist Theodor Schwann, ea li fumaneng. Li sebetsa haholo joaloka li-oligodendrocytes ka hore li fana ka li-sheaths tsa myelin bakeng sa li-axon, empa li teng tsamaisong ea methapo ea pherekano (PNS) ho e-na le CNS.

Leha ho le joalo, ho e-na le hore e be sele e ka sehloohong e nang le matsoho a se nang lisele, lisele tsa Schwann li etsa li-spirals ka kotloloho ho pota-potileng axon. Li-node tsa Ranvier li ba le pakeng tsa bona, joalo ka ha li etsa pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa oligodendrocytes, 'me li thusa ho fetisetsa tšoaetsano ea methapo ka tsela e ts'oanang.

Lisele tsa Schwann le tsona ke karolo ea tsamaiso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ha sele ea methapo e senyehile, e na le bokhoni ba ho ja methapo ea methapo le ho fana ka tsela e sirelelitsoeng ea axon e ncha ho etsa.

Maloetse a amang masela a Schwann a kenyelletsa:

• Syndrome ea Guillain-Barre
• Lefu la Charcot-Marie-Tooth
• Schwannomatosis
• Ho fokola ho sa feleng ho nyollang polyneuropathy
• Lepera

Re bile le lipatlisiso tse tšepisang mabapi le ho kenya lisele tsa Schwann kotsi bakeng sa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo le mefuta e meng ea tšenyo ea methapo ea meriana.

Lisele tsa Schwann li boetse li ameha ka mefuta e meng ea bohloko bo sa foleng. Ts'ebetso ea bona ka mor'a ts'oaetso ea methapo e ka tlatsetsa mofuteng oa methapo ea methapo e bitsoang nociceptors , e leng ho lemoha maemo a tikoloho a kang mocheso le serame.

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Lisele tsa Satellite

Lisele tsa satellite li reha lebitso la tsona ho tloha ha li pota-potile li-neurone tse itseng, 'me li-satellites tse' maloa li etsa sekhahla ho potoloha lisele tsa cellular. Re qalile ho ithuta ka lisele tsena empa bafuputsi ba bangata ba lumela hore ba tšoana le linaleli.

Sepheo se seholo sa lisele tsa sathelaete se bonahala e le tsamaiso ea tikoloho e potolohileng li-neuron, ho boloka lik'hemik'hale li lekana.

Li-neurons tse nang le li-satellite cell li etsa ntho e bitsoang gangila, e leng lihlopha tsa methapo ea methapo tsamaisong ea methapo ea boithati le tsamaiso ea maikutlo. Tsamaiso ea methapo ea boipheliso e laola litho tsa hau tsa ka hare, ha tsamaiso ea hau ea kutlo ke eona e u lumellang ho bona, ho utloa, ho fofonela, ho ama le ho latsoa.

Lisele tsa satellite li fana ka phepo e nepahetseng ho neuron 'me li nka chefo ea tšepe e boima, tse kang mercury le li-lead, ho li thibela ho senya li-neurons.

Ba boetse ba lumeloa hore ba thusa ho tsamaisa li-neurotransmitters tse 'maloa le lisebelisoa tse ling, ho akarelletsa:

• Glutamate
• GABA
• Norepinephrine
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Ntho P
• Capsaicin
• Acetylcholine

Joaloka microglia, lisele tsa satellite li fumana le ho arabela likotsi le ho ruruha. Leha ho le joalo, karolo ea bona ho lokisa lisele tsa lisele ha e e-s'o utloisisoe hantle.

Lisele tsa satellite li amahanngoa le bohloko bo sa foleng bo amanang le likotsi tsa meriana, ho senyeha ha meriana, le ho hlahisa mahlaba a bohloko (hyperalgesia) e ka bakoang ke chemotherapy.

Lentsoe le Tsoang ho

Boholo ba seo re se tsebang, seo re se lumelang, kapa seo re se nahanang ka lisele tsa li-glial ke tsebo e ncha. Lisele tsena li re thusa hore re utloisise hore na boko bo sebetsa joang le hore na ho etsahala'ng ha lintho li sa sebetse kamoo li lokelang ho sebetsa kateng.

Ho na le bonnete ba hore re na le ho hongata hoo re ka ithutang ka glia, 'me re ka fumana mekhoa e mecha ea mafu bakeng sa mafu a mangata ha letamo la rona la tsebo le ntse le eketseha.

> Mehloli:

> Gosselin RD, Suter MR, Ji RR, Decosterd I. Glial lisele le bohloko bo sa foleng. Setsebi sa mahlale. 2010 Oct; 16 (5): 519-31.

> Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A. Tlhaho ea tlhaho ea li-embryonic le tsa batho ba baholo tsa li-stem cells. Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea lefu la pelo. 2009; 32: 149-84.

> Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L. Bopaki ba Karolo ea Connexin 43 ho Trigeminal Pain Ho sebelisa RNA Ho sebetsane Le Vivo. Journal of neurophysiology. 2008 Dec; 100 (6): 3064-73.