Kamoo Limela li Amang Botsofali Kateng le Kamoo U ka "Fetolang" Lintho Tsa Hao Tsa Lefutso
DNA ea hau e ka bolela esale pele ka uena ho feta kamoo u shebahalang kateng. Ho ea ka khopolo ea lefutso ea botsofali, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa hau (hammoho le liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso) li ikarabella hore na u tla phela halelele hakae. Mona ke seo u lokelang ho se tseba ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le bophelo ba nako e telele, le moo liphatsa tsa lefutso li lumellanang le likhopolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa botsofali.
Theknoloji ea Bohlokoa ea Botsofali - Tlhaloso
Tlhaloso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea botsofali e bolela hore bophelo ba bophelo bo hlile bo khethoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo re li futsitseng.
Ho ea ka khopolo ena, bophelo ba rōna ba nako e telele bo reretsoe haholo nakong ea ho emoloa 'me haholo-holo ho itšetlehile ka batsoali ba rona le liphatsa tsa bona tsa lefutso.
Lebaka la khopolo ena ke hore likarolo tsa DNA tse hlahang qetellong ea li-chromosome, tse bitsoang li-telomere , li lekanyetsa nako e telele ea bophelo ba sele. Telomeres ke likaroloana tsa "DNA" e se nang thuso "qetellong ea li-chromosome tse fetohang nako e khutšoanyane nako le nako ha sele e arohana. Li-telomere tsena li ba khutšoanyane ebile li khutšoanyane 'me qetellong, lisele li ke ke tsa arola ntle le ho lahleheloa ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa DNA.
Pele u hlahloba lintlha tsa hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso li ama botsofali joang, le litsekisano le khahlanong le khopolo ena, ho molemo ho buisana hakhutšoanyane ka mefuta e ka sehloohong ea likhopolo-tsoho tsa khale le tse ling tsa likhopolo tse itseng lihlopha tsena. Hona joale ha ho na khopolo e le 'ngoe kapa karolo e le' ngoe ea likhopolo tse ka hlalosang ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eo re e bonang ha re tsofala.
Khopolo ea Botsofali
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea mantlha ea likhopolo-tsoho tse fapaneng ka ho feletseng ho seo ho ka thoeng ke "morero" oa botsofali. Sehlopha sa pele, botsofali ke kotsi ea kotsi; ho bokella tšenyo le ho senya 'mele o qetellang o lebisa lefung. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, likhopolo tse tsofetseng tse hlophisitsoeng li nka botsofali e le mokhoa oa boithati, o laoloang ka tsela e ka bapisoang le likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo bo kang bocha.
Phoso ea likhopolo-taba e kenyelletsa likhopolo tse '
- Apara le ho senya khopolo ea botsofali
- Tekanyo ea ho phela khopolo ea botsofali
- Liprotheine tse tsamaisanang le khopolo ea hape
- Khopolo-taba e matla ea botsofali
- Khopolo-taba ea ho fetoha ha maikutlo ho botsofali
Litloaelo tsa ho tsofala li boetse li arotsoe likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tse thehiloeng ho mokhoa oo 'mele oa rona o hlophisitsoeng ka oona ho fihlela o shoa.
- E hlophisitse nako e telele - E hlophisitse nako e telele e bolela hore bophelo bo ikemiselitse ho fetoha le ho tsoa liphatsa tsa lefutso.
- Khopolo ea Endocrine ea botsofali
- Thuto ea boits'oaro ea botsofali
Ho na le palo e kholo pakeng tsa likhopolo tsena le likarolo tsa litsebi tsa botsofali.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso le mesebetsi ea 'mele
Pele re bua ka lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le botsofali le liphatsa tsa lefutso, a re hlahlobeng hore na DNA ea rona ke efe le litsela tse ling tsa motheo tseo liphatsa tsa lefutso li amang bophelo ba rona ka tsona.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa rona li na le DNA ea rona e teng nucleus (hare ka hare) ea sele ka 'ngoe ea' mele ea rona. (Ho boetse ho na le DNA ea mitochondrial e teng li-organelles tse bitsoang mitochondria tse teng ka cytoplasm ea sele.) E mong le e mong o na le li-chromosome tse 46 tse etsang DNA ea rona, tse 23 tsa tsona tse tsoang ho bo-'mè le 23 tse tsoang ho bo-ntat'a rona. Har'a tsena, 44 ke li-autosomes, 'me tse peli ke li-chromosome tsa thobalano, tse khethollang hore na re tla ba banna kapa basali.
(DNA ea Mitochondrial, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e na le tsebo e fokolang haholo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso 'me e amoheloa ke bo-'mè ba rona feela.)
Ka har'a li-chromosome ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa rona, lefutso la rona la lefutso le ikarabellang bakeng sa ho jara boitsebiso bakeng sa ts'ebetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tla etsahala lisele tsa rona. Liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso li ka nkoa e le letoto la mangolo a etsang mantsoe le lipolelo tsa litaelo. Khoutu ea mantsoe le lipolelo bakeng sa ho etsa liprotheine tse laolang mokhoa o mong le o mong oa lik'hamera.
Haeba e 'ngoe ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsena e senyehile, ka mohlala, ka phetoho e fetola letoto la "mangolo le mantsoe" ka litaelo, protheine e sa tloaelehang e ka etsoa, e leng eona e etsang mosebetsi o fosahetseng.
Haeba phetoho e hlaha ka liprotheine tse laolang ho hōla ha sele, kankere e ka fella. Haeba liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso li fetoloa ho tloha ha ho tsoaloa, li-syndromes tse fapaneng tsa lefutso li ka hlaha. Ka mohlala, cystic fibrosis ke boemo boo ka lona ngoana a futsang liphatsa tsa lefutso tse peli tse laolang protheine e laolang liteishene tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tsamaea ha lisele tse ka holimo ho li-sweat, litšoelesa tsa mokokotlo le tse ling. Phello ea phetoho ena e le 'ngoe e fella ka ho teteana ha li-mucus tse hlahisoang ke litšoelesa tsena, le mathata a hlahang a amanang le boemo bona.
Kamoo liphatsa tsa lefutso li amang bophelo kateng
Ha ho na thuto e hlakileng ho fumana hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa rona li bapala bonyane karolo e itseng bophelong ba nako e telele. Batho bao batsoali ba bona le baholo-holo ba bona ba phetseng nako e teletsana, ba phela nako e teletsana ebile ba phela ka nako e telele. Ka nako e le 'ngoe, rea tseba hore ha ho tsoaloe liphatsa tsa lefutso feela tse bakang botsofali. Liphuputso tse shebileng mafahla a tšoanang li senola hore ho na le ntho e 'ngoe hape e tsoelang pele; lifahla tse tšoanang tse nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso ha li lule li phela lilemo tse lekanang.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ling li molemo ebile li ntlafatsa nako e telele. Ka mohlala, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse thusang motho hore li sebelise k'holeseterole li tla fokotsa kotsi ea motho ea lefu la pelo.
Liphetoho tse ling tsa lefutso li futsitse, 'me li ka khutsufatsa bophelo ba tsona. Leha ho le joalo, liphetoho le tsona li ka etsahala ka mor'a ho tsoaloa , kaha ho pepesehela chefo, li-radicals le mahala li ka etsa hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li fetohe. (Liphetoho tsa lefutso tse fumanoang ka mor'a ho tsoaloa li bitsoa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fumanoeng kapa tse sa tšoaneng.) Liphetoho tse ngata ha li mpe ho uena, 'me tse ling li ka ba tsa bohlokoa. Ke hobane liphetoho tsa lefutso li etsa hore ho be le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng se etsang hore batho ba phele hantle. Liphetoho tse ling tse bitsoang ho feto-fetoha ha 'mele, ha li na' mele ho hang.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ling, ha li feto-fetoha li kotsi, joaloka tse eketsang kotsi ea kankere. Batho ba bangata ba tloaelane le liphetoho tsa BRCA1 le BRCA2 tse hlahisang kankere ea matsoele. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsena li bitsoa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bakoang ke kokoana-hloko e leng khoutu ea liprotheine tse laolang ho lokisoa ha DNA e senyehileng (kapa ho felisoa ha sele ka DNA e senyehileng haeba ho se lokisoe.)
Matšoao le maemo a fapaneng a amanang le phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa herite e ka ama bophelo ka ho toba. Tsena li kenyelletsa cystic fibrosis , lefu la sekala sa anane , lefu la Tay-Sachs le lefu la Huntington , ho bolela tse 'maloa.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa ka khopolo ea ho tsofala
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso le botsofali li kenyelletsa likhopolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa le likhopolo tse tsoang ho telomere ho khutsufatsa likhopolo tse mabapi le karolo ea li-cell stem botsofaling.
Telomeres - Qetellong ea li-chromosome tsa rona ka mong ke karolo ea "DNA" e sa lefelloeng e bitsoang telomeres . Telomeres ha e na khoutu bakeng sa liprotheine leha e le life empa e bonahala e e-na le tšireletso, e boloka lipheletsong tsa DNA ho kopanya likaroloana tse ling tsa DNA kapa ho etsa lesakana. Nako le nako ha sele e arola telene e nyenyane e koaheloa. Qetellong. ha ho le e 'ngoe ea DNA e se nang thuso e setseng,' me ho tsuba ho ka senya li-chromosome le liphatsa tsa lefutso e le hore sele e shoe.
Ka kakaretso, sele e tloaelehileng e khona ho arola ka makhetlo a 50 pele telomere e sebelisoa holimo (moeli oa Hayflick). Lisele tsa kankere li hlahisitse mokhoa oa ho se tlose, 'me ka linako tse ling li bile li eketsa, karolo ea telomere. Ho phaella moo, lisele tse ling tse kang lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali ha li felle ts'ebetso ena ea telomere e khutsoanyane . Ho bonahala eka le hoja liphatsa tsa lefutso li lisele tsohle tsa rona li na le khoutu ea lentsoe bakeng sa telomerase ea enzyme e thibelang ho fokotseha ha telomere 'me mohlomong e bile e fella ka ho lelefatsa, liphatsa tsa lefutso li "fetoloa" kapa "li hlalositsoe" e le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bolelang hore li lisele tse kang tse tšoeu lisele tsa mali le lisele tsa kankere. Bo-rasaense ba hlokometse hore haeba telomerase ena e ka fetisoa ka lisele tse ling (empa ha ho joalo hoo khōlo ea bona e neng e tla fetela haywire joaloka lisele tsa kankere) moeli oa rona oa lilemo o ka atolosoa.
Liphuputso li fumane hore maemo a mang a sa foleng a kang khatello e phahameng ea mali a amahanngoa le mosebetsi o fokolang oa telomerase athe phepo e nepahetseng le boikoetliso ba 'mele li amahanngoa le li-telomere tse telele. Ho ba boima haholo ho boetse ho amahanngoa le li-telomere tse khutšoanyane.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mefuta e mengata - Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mefuta e mengata liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le ho phela nako e teletsana. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tse peli tse amanang le nako e telele ke SIRT1 (sirtruin 1) le SIRT2. Bo-rasaense ba shebile sehlopha sa batho ba ka holimo ho 800 ba lilemo li lekholo kapa ho feta, ba fumane mefuta e meraro e kholo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le botsofali.
Senescence ea seleng - Tlhahlobo ea cell cell e bua ka mokhoa oo lisele li senyehang ka nako. Sena se ka amana le ho khutsufatsa li-telomere, kapa mokhoa oa ho ipolaea (kapa ho ipolaea) moo lisele tsa khale kapa tse senyehileng li tlosoa.
Lisele tsa motsoako - Lisele tsa motsoako oa Pluripotent ke lisele tse seng kae tse nang le monyetla oa hore e be mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa sele ka 'mele. Ho boleloa hore botsofali bo ka amana le ho felisoa ha lisele tsa stem kapa ho lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba lisele tsa stem ho khetholla kapa ho hōla ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lisele. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore khopolo ena e bua ka lisele tsa batho ba baholo, eseng metsoako ea stem. Ho fapana le li-cell stem tsa embryonic, lisele tsa motho e moholo li ke ke tsa hōla ka selefounong leha e le efe empa e le palo e itseng feela ea mefuta ea sele. Lisele tse ngata tsa 'mele ea rona li arohane, kapa li hōlile ka ho feletseng,' me lisele tsa stem ke palo e nyenyane feela ea lisele tse teng 'meleng.
Mohlala oa mofuta oa mefuta e mengata eo ho tsosolosoa ha eona ho ka khonehang ka mokhoa ona ke sebete. Sena se fapane le lisele tsa bokooa tseo ka tloaelo li sa nang le bokhoni bona ba ho tsosolosa. Hona joale ho na le bopaki ba hore lisele tsa stem li ka 'na tsa ama botsofaling, empa likhopolo tsena li tšoana le taba ea khōhō le ea lehe. Ha ho na bonnete ba botsofali ho etsahala ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa lisele tsa stem, kapa, haeba ho e-na le hoo, liphetoho tsa liseleng tsa stem li bakoa ke mokhoa oa botsofali.
Epigenetics - Epigenetics e bua ka polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka mantsoe a mang, liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka ba teng empa li ka buloa kapa tsa tima. Rea tseba hore ho na le liphatsa tsa lefutso 'meleng tse fetoloang nako e itseng feela. Tšimo ea epigenetics e boetse e thusa bo-rasaense ho utloisisa hore na maemo a tikoloho a ka sebetsana joang le mathata a liphatsa tsa lefutso ho sireletsa kapa ho thibela mafu.
Litsebi tse tharo tsa pele tsa tlhaho tsa mafu a ho tsofala
Joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo, ho na le bopaki bo bongata ba bopaki bo bonang bohlokoa ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho pholoha ho lebeletsoeng. Ha u sheba likhopolo tsa lefutso, tsena li senyehile likolong tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa ho nahana.
- Taba ea pele e bolela hore botsofali bo amana le liphetoho tse amanang le ho phela ha nako e telele le hore botsofali bo amana le ho bokellana ha liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sa tsosolosoang.
- Khopolo e 'ngoe ke hore botsofali bo amana le liphello tsa morao-rao tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso,' me ho thoe ke ho hanyetsa li-pleiotropic.
- Leha ho le joalo khopolo e 'ngoe, e hlalositsoeng e itšetlehile ka ho pholoha li-opossums, ke hore tikoloho e bakang likotsi tse fokolang ho kena-kenana le tebello ea bophelo e tla fella ka keketseho ho litho tse nang le liphetoho tse fokotsang botsofali.
Bopaki bo Thehiloeng Khopolong
Ho na le litsela tse 'maloa tsa bopaki tse tšehetsang khopolo ea liphatsa tsa botsofali, bonyane ka karolo e itseng.
Mohlomong bopaki bo matla ka ho fetisisa bo tšehetsang khopolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke mefuta e mengata ea mefuta-futa ea ho phela, ka mefuta e meng (joaloka lirurubele) tse nang le nako e khutšoanyane ea bophelo, le tse ling tse kang litlou le marupo, tse tšoanang le tsa rona. Ka mefuta e le 'ngoe feela, ho pholoha ho tšoana, empa ho phela ho ka ba ho fapaneng haholo pakeng tsa mefuta e' meli e sa tšoaneng ka boholo.
Liphuputso tsa mafahla li boetse li tšehetsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, e le mafahla a tšoanang (monozygotic mafahla) a tšoana haholo le ka ho lebella bophelo ho feta mafahla a sa tsebeng kapa a dizygotic. Ho hlahloba mafahla a ts'oanang a hōliselitsoeng hammoho le ho bapisa sena le mafahla a ts'oanang a hlahisitsoeng a ka thusa ho arola lits'ebetso tsa boitšoaro tse kang ho ja le mekhoa e meng ea mekhoa ea bophelo e le sesosa sa mekhoa ea malapa bophelong ba nako e telele.
Bopaki bo bong bo fumanoeng ka ho hlahloba liphello tsa liphetoho tsa lefutso tsa liphoofolo tse ling. Libung tse ling hammoho le litoeba, phetoho e le 'ngoe ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka' na ea e-ba teng ka liphesente tse 50.
Ho phaella moo, re fumana bopaki ba litsela tse tobileng tse amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Litekanyo tse tobileng tsa bolelele ba telomere li bontšitse hore li-telomere li hlaseloa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka potlakisang tekanyo ea botsofali.
Bopaki bo khahlanong le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botsofali
E 'ngoe ea likhohlano tse matla khahlanong le khopolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa botsofali kapa "bophelo bo etsoang ka morero" bo tsoa ho pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Ke hobane'ng ha ho ne ho tla ba le bophelo bo boletsoeng ka holimo ho feta ho hlahisa? Ka mantsoe a mang, ke "morero" ofe bakeng sa bophelo ka mor'a hore motho a hlahise le ho phela nako e telele e lekaneng ho hōlisa bana ho fihlela e le motho e moholo?
E boetse e hlakile ho seo re se tsebang ka mokhoa oa bophelo le mafu a mangata a mangata a mangata a ho tsofala. Mafahla a tšoanang a ka ba le bophelo bo fapaneng haholo ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba bona bo ikhethang, mekhoa ea bona ea bophelo (e kang ho tsuba) le mokhoa oa ho ikoetlisa.
The Bottom Line
E hakantsoe hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka hlalosa karolo e fetang 35 lekholong ea bophelo ba bophelo, empa ho sa ntse ho le joalo re sa utloisise ka botsofali ho feta seo re se utloisisang. Ka kakaretso, ho ka 'na ha etsahala hore botsofali ke mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse ngata, ho bolelang hore mohlomong ke motsoako oa likhopolo tse' maloa. Hape ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore likhopolo tseo ho buisanoang ka tsona mona ha lia tšoane. Khopolo ea epigenetics, kapa hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso tse teng hona joale li "hlalosoa" li ka senya moelelo oa rona.
Ho phaella ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho na le lintho tse ling tse etsang hore motho a tsofetse joaloka mekhoa ea rona ea boitšoaro, ho pepeseha le lehlohonolo feela. Ha u na tšenyo ha litho tsa malapa a hao li atisa ho shoa li le bacha, 'me u ke ke ua hlokomoloha bophelo bo botle ba hau esita leha litho tsa malapa a hao li atisa ho phela nako e telele.
U ka Etsa'ng ho Fokotsa Botsofali ba "Lihlahisoa" tsa Lisele tsa Hao?
Re rutoa ho ja lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle 'me re ikakhele ka setotsoana' me mabaka ana a bophelo a mohlomong a bohlokoa haholo ho sa tsotellehe hore na liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso li ameha hakae botsofaling. Mokhoa o tšoanang oo ho bonahalang eka o boloka litho le likarolo tsa 'meleng oa rona li phetse hantle li ka' na tsa boloka liphatsa tsa rona tsa lefutso le li-chromosome li phela hantle.
Ho sa tsotellehe hore na sesosa se bakoang ke botsofali, se ka etsa phapang ho:
- Boikoetliso - Liphuputso li fumane hore ho ikoetlisa ha ho thuse feela pelo ea hao le matšoafo, empa boikoetliso bo eketsa li-telomere.
- Ja lijo tse nang le phepo e nepahetseng - Ho ja haholo litholoana le meroho ho amahanngoa le ketsahalo e khōloanyane ea telomerase (ha e le hantle, li-telomere tse fokotsehang ka tlase lisele tsa hau). Lijo tse phahameng tsa omega-3-mafura a acids li amahanngoa le li-telomere tse telele empa lijo tse nang le omega-6-mafura a acids ke tse fapaneng le tse amanang le li-telomere tse khutšoanyane. Ho feta moo, ho kenngoa ha soda le ho feta ho amahanngoa le li-telomere tse khutšoanyane. Reservatrol, motsoako o ikarabellang bakeng sa ho noa veine e khubelu (empa hape e fumanoe ho lero le khubelu la morara o mofubelu) o bonahala ho etsa hore protheine ea nako e telele e sebelisoe SIRT
- Fokotsa khatello ea kelello
- Qoba li-carcinogens
- Lula u be le boima bo botle - Eseng feela botenya bo kopantsoeng le mekhoa e meng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le botsofali bo boletsoeng ka holimo (joalo ka ho fokotseha ha li-telomeres), empa lipatlisiso tse phetiloeng li fumane melemo e telele e amanang le thibelo ea caloric. Mokhoa oa pele oa ho phela ka thibelo ea kankere e hlahisoang ke Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Lipatlisiso ka Kankere-e be o motle ka hohle kamoo o ka khonang ntle le ho fokola haholo-o ka 'na oa phetha karolo ea ho phela nako e telele hammoho le thibelo ea kankere le thibelo ea kankere ea ts'oaetso.
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Leung, C., Laraia, B., Needham, B. le al. Soda le Mele ea Botsofali: Metsoalle Pakeng tsa Lijo Tse Natehileng Tse Nkhang hamonate le Leukocyte Telomere Bolelele Bophelong bo Botle ba Batho ba Nang le Bophelo bo Botle Ho tsoa Phuputsong ea Phatlalatso ea Sechaba le Bophelo. Journal ea Amerika ea Bophelo ba Sechaba . 2014. 104 (12): 2425-31.
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