Keketseho ea Lifespan ho tloha Pele ho Mehleng ea Mehleng ea Kajeno
Batho ba phetse nako e kae nakong e fetileng? Hangata u utloa lipalo-palo tsa bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba batho ba phelang makholo, esita le likete, tsa lilemo tse fetileng. Na bo-ntat'a rona ba ne ba hlile ba shoa ha ba le lilemo li 30 kapa 40 mehleng eo? Mona ke setsi se senyenyane sa bophelo bo botle ho pholletsa le histori ho u thusa ho utloisisa hore na nako ea bophelo le bophelo ba bophelo bo fetohile joang ha nako e ntse e feta.
Lifespan vs. Bophelo bo Lebelloang
Taba ea hore bophelo bo lebeletse bophelo bo bolela hore ka karolelano bophelo bohle ba baahi, ho nahanngoa ka palo ea batho ba shoang bakeng sa sehlopha seo sa batho. Bophelo bo botle ke tekanyo ea bolelele ba bophelo ba motho ka mong. Le hoja mantsoe ana ka bobeli a bonahala a hlakile, ho hloka litlaleho tsa histori le litlaleho li entse hore ho be thata ho bafuputsi ho fumana hore na batho ba iphetohileng ba fetohile joang ho pholletsa le histori.
Bophelo ba Motho ea Pele
Ho fihlela haufinyane tjena, boitsebiso bo fokolang bo ne bo le teng mabapi le hore na batho ba pele-pele ba ne ba lula kae. Ho ba le lifilimi tse fokolang haholo tsa batho ho ile ha etsa hore ho be thata hore bo-rahistori ba lekanyetse palo ea baahi bohle. Baprofesa ba Anthropology Rachel Caspari le Sang-Hee Lee, oa Univesithing e Bohareng ea Michigan le Univesithing ea California e Riverside, ba khetha ho hlahloba lilemo tse amanang le marapo a fumanoang ka bochabela le boroa Afrika, Europe le libakeng tse ling.
Ka mor'a hore sehlopha sena se bapise palo ea ba shoeleng ba e-na le ba shoeleng ha ba se ba tsofetse, ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore nako e telele feela e ile ea qala ho eketseha-e leng ho feta lilemo tse 30 kapa ho feta-hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 30 000 tse fetileng nako ea ho iphetola ha batho. Sehloohong se hatisitsoeng ka 2011 Scientific American, Caspari e bitsa phetoho ea "ho iphetola ha bo-nkhono le bo-nkhono le bo-nkhono," kaha e bontša nako ea pele historing ea batho hore meloko e meraro e ka be e le teng.
Lilemong Tse Qalang ka ho Fetisisa
Tšepo ea bophelo e hakanngoa e bontšang hore baahi ka kakaretso ba na le bothata ba ho hloka bopaki bo ka tšeptjoang ba bokaneng ho tloha nakong ena. Sehloohong sa 2010 se phatlalalitsoeng ho Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, setsebi sa thuto ea lefutso le setsebi sa baeloji ea ho iphetola ha lintho, Caleb Finch, o hlalosa mekhahlelo ea bophelo ea boholo-holo mehleng ea khale ea Segerike le ea Baroma e khutšoanyane ka nako e ka bang lilemo tse 20 ho ea ho tse 35, le hoja a lla manane ana a thehiloe " ho thoeng ke "mabitla a epitaphs le mehlala.
Ho tsoela pele ka nako ea histori, Finch o thathamisa mathata a ho fokotsa nako ea bophelo ba histori le lisosa tsa lefu lefats'eng lena la tlhahiso-leseling. E le mofuta oa lipatlisiso, eena le litsebi tse ling tsa ho iphetola ha lintho li bontša hore papiso e loketseng e ka etsoa le boitsebiso ba batho ba tsoang sepakapakeng sa pele ho indasteri Sweden (bohareng ba lekholo la bo18 la lilemo) le mekhatlo e meng ea mehleng ea kajeno, e nyenyane, ea licheki linaheng tse kang Venezuela le Brazil.
Finch oa ngola hore ho latela lintlha tsena, lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa lefu lilemong tsena tse makholo tsa pele li ne li tla ba tšoaetso, ebang ke mafu a tšoaetsanoang kapa maqeba a tšoaetsoeng a bakoang ke likotsi kapa ntoa. Maemo a bophelo bo se nang boikemelo le ho fumana monyetla o mokaalo oa tlhokomelo ea meriana e atlehileng ho ne ho bolela hore ho lebella hore bophelo bo lekaneng bo ka fokotseha hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 35.
Ke nako ea bophelo nakong ea tsoalo , e leng palo e kholo e susumetsoang ke lefu la masea-le leng le le leng le lekaneng ho feta karolo ea 30 lekholong. Ha ho bolele hore motho ea tloaelehileng ea phelang ka 1200 AD o shoele a le lilemo li 35. Ho e-na le hoo, bakeng sa ngoana e mong le e mong ea shoeleng a sa le lesea, motho e mong a ka 'na a phela ho fihlela a tsoaloe ka lilemo tse 70. Lilemong tsa pele tsa lilemo tse ka bang 15 li ile tsa tsoelapele ho ba kotsi, ka lebaka la likotsi tse bakoang ke maloetse, likotsi le likotsi. Batho ba ileng ba pholoha nako ena e kotsi ea bophelo ba ka khona ho e etsa botsofaling.
Maloetse a mang a tšoaetsanoang joaloka k'holera , lefuba , le sekholopane e tla tsoela pele ho fokotsa nako e telele ea bophelo, empa ha ho letho le lekaneng le le senyang lefu la bubonic lekholong la bo14 la lilemo.
Seoa sa Black Black se ile sa feta Asia le Europe, sa felisa hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea baahi ba Europe, e leng nakoana ea ho fetola nako ea bophelo ho ea tlaase.
Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1800 ho fihlela kajeno
Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1500 ho ea pele ho fihlela ka selemo sa 1800, tebello ea bophelo ho pholletsa le Europe e ne e le pakeng tsa lilemo tse 30 le tse 40. Ho tloha mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1800, Finch o ngola hore tebello ea bophelo nakong ea tsoalo e imenne habeli mehleng ea meloko e leshome feela. Ho ntlafatsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, tlhoekiso ea likhoerekhoere, liente, ho fumana metsi a hloekileng, le phepo e nepahetseng kaofela ho thoe ke keketseho e kholo.
Le hoja ho le thata ho nahana, lingaka li ne li qala ho hlatsoa matsoho pele li etsoa opereishene bohareng ba bo-1800. Kutloisiso e molemo ea bohloeki le ho fetisetsa likokoana-hloko ho tloha nakong e fetileng ho tlatsetsa haholo bophelong ba sechaba. Lefu le ne le ntse le tloaelehile, leha ho le joalo, 'me le ama bophelo ba nako. Likokoana-hloko, typhoid le mafu a kang rheumatic fever le sefubelu se sekareleta kaofela li ne li tloaelehile nakong ea li-1800.
Esita le morao tjena ka 1921, linaha tse kang Canada li ne li ntse li e-na le palo ea bana ba shoang ea masea ea hoo e ka bang karolo ea 10 lekholong, e bolelang hore masea a leshome le metso e 'meli ha aa ka a phela. Ho latela Statistics Canada, sena se ne se bolela nako ea bophelo kapa palo ea boipheliso ea bophelo naheng eo e neng e le ea lilemo li kholo ho feta ho tsoaloa-boemo bo tsoelang pele ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1980.
Kajeno linaha tse ngata tsa indasteri li itšetlehile ka lipalo tsa bophelo ba lilemo tse fetang 75, ho ea ka litšoantšiso tse entsoeng ke Central Intelligence Agency.
Nakong e tlang
Bafuputsi ba bang ba boletse hore maemo a bophelo a kang ho nona haholo ho tla emisa kapa ho fokotsa ho eketseha ha tebello ea bophelo ka lekhetlo la pele historing ea kajeno. Li-Epidemiologists le litsebi tsa ho sebetsana le litsebi tsa lefutso tse kang S. Jay Olshanky ba lemosa hore United States-moo karolo ea boraro ea baahi e fetang boima bo feteletseng kapa bo feteletseng-botenya le mathata a eona, joaloka lefu la tsoekere , li ka fokotsa nako ea ho phela ka lilemo tsohle halofo ea pele ea Lekholong la bo21 la lilemo.
Ho ntse ho le joalo, ho phaella ho lebella bophelo Bophirimela ho tlisa litaba tse molemo le tse mpe-ho monate ho phela nako e teletsana, empa hona joale u kotsing e kholo ea mefuta ea maloetse a otlang ha u ntse u hōla. Maloetse ana a amanang le lilemo a kenyeletsa lefu la methapo ea mafu , mafu a mang a kankere, lefu la tsoekere le 'dementia' .
Ha li ntse li ka ama bongata le boleng ba bophelo , boholo ba maemo ana bo ka thibeloa kapa bonyane bo lieha ka mekhoa e metle ea bophelo ba bophelo joaloka ho latela lijo tse khahlanong le botsofali , ho boloka boima ba 'mele, ho ikoetlisa kamehla le ho boloka li-hormone tsa khatello ea kelello joaloka cortisol.
Lisebelisoa:
> Beltrán-Sánchez H, Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Batho ba pele ba shoeleng ba bolela esale pele hore na botsofali ba sehlopha ke bofe: tlhahlobo ea histori. Lenaneo la Tšimoloho ea Tsoelo-pele ea Bophelo le Mafu . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. le: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Ho bapisa naha: Bophelo bo lebelloang nakong ea tsoalo. US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Lethathamo la Boitsebiso ba Sechaba. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-bookbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Feta CE. Ho iphetola hoa ha bophelo le mafu a botsofali: Mesebetsi ea tšoaetso, ho ruruha le phepo e nepahetseng. PNAS , la 26 January, 2010, vol. 107, maqephe 1718-1724.
> Bophelo bo botle ka botlalo: Ho se tsotellehe Bophelong bo lebeletseng ho hlaha. Lipalo-palo Canada Sheet Information Information. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> Sshshansky SJ, Carnes BA. "Bokamoso ba ho phela ha batho nako e telele," International Handbook Population Population , e ngotsoeng mohlophisi oa Uhlenberg P.. (New York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.